Title I of the Higher Education Act of 1965, comprising this subchapter, was originally enacted by Pub. L. 89-329, title I, Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1219, and amended by Pub. L. 90-575, Oct. 16, 1968, 82 Stat. 1014; Pub. L. 91-230, Apr. 13, 1970, 84 Stat. 121; Pub. L. 92-318, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 93-29, May 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 30; Pub. L. 93-380, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 484; Pub. L. 93-644, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2291; Pub. L. 94-135, Nov. 28, 1975, 89 Stat. 713; Pub. L. 94-482, Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2081; Pub. L. 95-43, June 15, 1977, 91 Stat. 213; Pub. L. 96-49, Aug. 13, 1979, 93 Stat. 351; Pub. L. 96-96, Oct. 31, 1979, 93 Stat. 729; Pub. L. 96-374, Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1367; Pub. L. 97-300, Oct. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1322; Pub. L. 98-524, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2435; Pub. L. 99-386, Aug. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 821. Such title is shown herein, however, as having been added by Pub. L. 99-498, title I, § 101, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1278, without reference to such intervening amendments because of the extensive revision of the title's provisions by Pub. L. 99-498.

SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in section 1143 of this title; title 42 sections 3013, 4763.

§ 1001. Findings

The Congress finds that

(1) the increasing incidence of relocation and dislocation of industries and workers, the entry and reentry of adults into the labor force, and the rapid rate of change in technology, the economy, population demographics, and social conditions, necessitate significant improvement in postsecondary educational opportunities for adults in all stages of life;

(2) the majority of adults who continue their education do so for job-related and career-oriented reasons or to fulfill admissions requirements for educational or vocational training;

(3) minority-group citizens comprise the fastest growing segment of the population and labor force, yet are underrepresented in adult education programs;

(4) access to postsecondary educational opportunities is limited for adults whose educational needs have been inadequately served, or for those whose age, sex, race, disability, national origin, rural isolation, or economic or personal circumstances (such as marital status or responsibility with regard to dependent children) are barriers to such opportunities;

(5) enrollment of adult learners (including individuals aged 50 and over) approaches or equals that of traditional students in postsecondary institutions and such enrollment patterns are changing the demography of postsecondary education;

(6) the organizational structure and administration of postsecondary institutions often represents a significant barrier to matriculation for the adult learner and such institutions need to adapt themselves to integrate adult learners;

(7) the Federal Government should encourage the development of institutional partner

ships between the public and private sectors and postsecondary institutions for the purpose of planning and implementing effective educational programs and services for the adult learner; and

(8) it is in the interest of the Federal Government to support continuing education for adults in order to reduce unemployment and underemployment, enhance job opportunities, and promote a well-trained, flexible, internationally competitive work force and an educated citizenry.

(Pub. L. 89-329, title I, § 101, as added Pub. L. 99-498, title I, § 101, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1278.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 1001, Pub. L. 89-329, title I, § 101, as added Pub. L. 96-374, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1373, stated Congressional findings with respect to continuing postsecondary education program and planning, prior to the general revision of this subchapter by Pub. L. 99-498.

Another prior section 1001, Pub. L. 89-329, title I, § 101, Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1219; Pub. L. 90-575, title II, § 201, Oct. 16, 1968, 82 Stat. 1035; Pub. L. 92-318, title I, § 101(a), June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 236; Pub. L. 94-482, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2083; Pub. L. 96-49, § 2, Aug. 13, 1979, 93 Stat. 351, authorized appropriations for the community service, continuing education, and lifelong learning program grant programs through fiscal year 1980, prior to the general revision of this subchapter by Pub. L. 96-374.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1987 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 100-50, § 27, June 3, 1987, 101 Stat. 363, provided that: "The amendments made by this Act [see Short Title of 1987 Amendment note below] shall take effect as if enacted as part of the Higher Education Amendments of 1986 [Pub. L. 99-498, see Short Title of 1986 Amendments note below]."

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT

Section 2 of Pub. L. 99-498 provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the amendments made by this Act (see Tables for classification] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 1986]."

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT

Section 1393 of Pub. L. 96-374 provided that:

"(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this Act and the amendments made by this Act [see Tables for classification] shall take effect on October 1, 1980. "(b)(1) The amendment made by section 301 of this Act to title III of the Act [enacting subchapter III of this chapter] shall take effect October 1, 1981.

"(2) The amendment made by section 404(c)(4) of this Act to section 415C(b)(4) of the Act [amending section 1070c-2(b)(4) of this title] shall be effective October 1, 1979.

"(3) The amendment made by section 405 to subpart 4 of part A of title IV of the Act [amending subpart 4 of part A of subchapter IV of this chapter generally] shall take effect October 1, 1981.

"(4) The amendments made by part B of title IV of this Act [enacting sections 1077a, 1078-2, 1083a, and 1087-1a of this title and amending sections 1074, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1078-1, 1080, 1082, 1085, 1087-1, and 1087-2 of this title] shall take effect, except as otherwise provided therein, on January 1, 1981, and to the extent such amendments make changes in such part B which affect student loans, such changes shall apply to outstanding loans as well as to loans made after the amendments take effect, except that the amendments made by section 415(b) [amending sections

1077(a)(2)(B) and 1078(b)(1)(E) of this title] shall apply with respect to any loan to cover the cost of instruction for any period of instruction beginning on or after January 1, 1981, to any student borrower who has no outstanding balance of principal or interest on any loan made, insured, or guaranteed under part B of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [part B of subchapter IV of this chapter] on the date on which the borrower enters into the note or other written evidence of the loan.

"(5) The amendments made by part D of title IV of this Act [enacting sections 1087cc-1, 1087hh, and 1087ii of this title and amending sections 1087aa to 1087gg of this title] shall apply to loans made under part E of the Act [part D of subchapter IV of this chapter] on or after October 1, 1980.

"(6) The amendment made by section 701 of this Act adding section 731 of the Act [section 1132d of this title] shall apply to loans made under section 731 on or after October 1, 1980."

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT

Section 532 of Pub. L. 94-482 provided that: "The provisions of this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 12, 1976] except

"(1) as specifically otherwise provided; and

"(2) that each amendment made by this Act (not subject to clause (1) of this section) providing for authorization of appropriations shall take effect July 1, 1976."

SHORT TITLE OF 1987 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 100-50, § 1(a), June 3, 1987, 101 Stat. 335, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 1059a, 1087tt, 1087uu, 1087uu-1, and 1145d-1 of this title, amending sections 1057, 1058, 1062, 1063a to 1063c, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1069a, 1070a to 1070a-4, 1070a-6, 1070b-3, 1070c-4, 1070d-1b, 1070d-2, 1070e-1, 1070f, 1075, 1077, 1077a, 1078 to 1078-3, 1078-5, 1078-6, 1080a, 1081 to 1083, 1085, 1087-1, 1087-2, 1087d, 1087bb, 1087cc, 1087cc-1, 1087dd, 1087ee, 108700 to 1087ss, 1087vv, 1088, 1089 to 1091, 1092 to 1092b, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1109 to 1109d, 1111, 1111b, 1111f, 1111g, 1122, 1132a, 1132a-1, 1132d, 1132d-2, 1132g-3, 1132i-1, 1134h to 1134j, 1141, 1145e, 1221e, and 1221e-1 of this title, section 4604 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and sections 2752, 2753, and 2756 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2752 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 1011, 1071, 1087dd, 1087kk, 1091, 1121, 1145d, 1221-1, and 1221e-1 of this title and section 2753 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Higher Education Technical Amendments Act of 1987'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1986 AMENDMENTS

Section 1 of Pub. L. 99-498 provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Higher Education Amendments of 1986'."

Pub. L. 99-320, § 1, May 23, 1986, 100 Stat. 491, provided: "That this Act [amending sections 1078 and 1080a of this title and a provision set out as a note under section 1072 of this title] may be cited as the 'Student Financial Assistance Technical Corrections Act of 1986'."

Pub. L. 99-272, title XVI, § 16001(a), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 339, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 1078-3, 1080a, and 1091a of this title, amending sections 1072, 1074, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1080, 1082, 1083a, 1085, 1087-1, 1087-2, 1087cc, 1087cc-1, 1087dd, 1087gg, 1089, 1091, and 1094 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1072, 1078, and 1078-3 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1078 of this title] may be cited as the 'Student Financial Assistance Amendments of 1985'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1983 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 98-95, § 1, Sept. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 708, provided: "That this Act [enacting section 1065a of this title, amending section 1069c of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1132a-1 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 123 and 1069c of this title] may be cited as the 'Challenge Grant Amendments of 1983'."

Pub. L. 98-79, § 1, Aug. 15, 1983, 97 Stat. 476, provided: "That this Act [amending sections 1071, 1077, 1077a, 1078, 1078-2, 1083a, 1087-1, 1087-2, 1087cc-1, and 1098 of this title, repealing section 1087-1a of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1077, 1077a, 1078, and 1087-1 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 1070a, 1078, and 1089 of this title] may be cited as the 'Student Loan Consolidation and Technical Amendments Act of 1983"."

SHORT TITLE OF 1982 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 97-301, § 1, Oct. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1400, which provided: "That this Act [amending sections 1070a, 1083a, 1087-2, and 1087cc-1 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1070a, 1070b-3, 1078, 1087bb, 1089, and 1221e-1 of this title and section 2752 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Student Financial Assistance Technical Amendments Act of 1982'.", was repealed by Pub. L. 99-498, title IV, § 408(b), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1495, eff. with respect to any academic year beginning on or after July 1, 1988.

SHORT TITLE OF 1981 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 97-35, title V, subtitle B, § 531, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 450, provided that: "This subtitle [amending sections 1075, 1077, 1077a, 1078, 1078-1, 1078-2, 1087-1, 1087-2, 1087dd, 1089, 1096, and 1232 of this title, repealing section 1087-3a of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 1078 of this title] may be cited as the 'Postsecondary Student Assistance Amendments of 1981'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENT

Section 1 of Pub. L. 96-374 provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 239a, 1001 to 1005, 1011 to 1015, 1016 to 1019, 1021, 1022, 1029, 1031 to 1034, 1041, 1042, 1047 to 1047j, 1051, 1057 to 1069c, 1070d-1a to 1070d-2, 1077a, 1078-2, 1083a, 1087-1a, 1087cc-1, 1087hh, 1087ii, 1088 to 1098, 1119b to 1119b-5, 1119c to 1119c-2, 1121 to 1127, 1130 to 1132, 1132a to 1132a-1, 1132b to 1132c, 1132d to 1132d-4, 1132e, 1132e-1, 1134d to 1134p, 1135 to 1135a-3, 1136 to 1136d, 1143, 1144a, 1145, 1146, 1221e-1b, 1221e-4, and 3063 to 3065 of this title, section 640c-2 of Title 25, Indians, and sections 2753 and 2756b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 1070 to 1070c-3, 1070d, 1070d-1, 1070e to 1077, 1078, 1078-1, 1079, 1080 to 1083, 1085 to 1087-1, 1087-2, 1087aa to 1087cc, 1087dd to 1087gg, 1101 to 1104, 1119 to 1119a-1, 1133 to 1134c, 1135c-1, 1141, 1142, 1221e, 1226a, 1226c, and 1232 of this title, section 326a of Title 7, Agriculture, section 640c-1 of Title 25, sections 714 and 792 of Title 29, Labor, and sections 2751, 2752, and 2756 of Title 42, repealing sections 511 to 513, 1070c-4, 1070d-3, 1087-4, 1134q to 1134s, 1142a, 1142b, 1145, 1145a, 1145c, 1172 to 1174, 1176, 1177, and 1221d of this title and section 2754 of Title 42, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 236, 1001, 1119b, and 1221-1 of this title and section 301 of Title 7, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 236 of this title and section 301 of Title 71 may be cited as the 'Education Amendments of 1980'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1979 AMENDMENT

Section 1 of Pub. L. 96-49 provided: "That this Act [enacting section 1087gg of this title; amending sections 513, 1001, 1021, 1042, 1051, 1070a, 1070b, 1070c,

1070d, 1070d-2, 1070e-1, 1078, 1087-1, 1087aa, 1088, 1101, 1119, 1121, 1132a, 1132b, 1132c, 1132c-4, 1134, 1134e, 1134i, 1134n, 1134r-1, 1135, 1135a, 1136b, 1142b, 1221d, and 1221e of this title; enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1070a, 1087-1, 1087gg, and 1088 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1070a of this title] may be cited as the 'Higher Education Technical Amendments of 1979'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1978 AMENDMENTS

Section 1 of Pub. L. 95-566 provided: "That this Act [enacting section 1087-3a of this title, amending sections 1070a, 1070c-2, 1070d-1, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1088 and 1088f of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Middle Income Student Assistance Act'."

Section 1 of Pub. L. 95-336 provided: "That this Act [amending section 1070e-1 of this title, sections 1001, 1002, and 1007 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, and section 246 of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1070e-1 of this title] may be cited as the 'Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Amendments of 1978'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1976 AMENDMENTS

Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-482 provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Education Amendments of 1976'."

Pub. L. 94-328, § 1, June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 727, provided: "That this joint resolution [amending sections 1070a, 1074, 1078 and 1078a of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 1226a of this title and section 2756 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Emergency Technical Provisions Act of 1976'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1972 AMENDMENT

Section of Pub. L. 92-318 provided: "That this Act [enacting chapter 36 (§ 1601 et seq.), chapter 37 (§ 1651 et seq.), chapter 38 (§ 1681 et seq.), and sections 241aa to 241ff, 887c, 887d, 900 to 900a-5, 1005a, 1021, 1031, 1042, 1070 to 1070e, 1070e-1, 1087-1, 1087-2, 1087aa to 1087ff, 1088d to 1088g, 1119a, 1132a to 1132e-1, 1134 to 1134s, 1135, 1135a, 1135b to 1135c, 1135c-1, 1142a, 1142b, 1144a, 1145a, 1211a, 1221a to 1221h, 1227 of this title, and section 326a of Title 7, Agriculture, and 2756a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare; amending sections 240, 241c, 241e, 331a, 332, 421, 441, 511, 513, 822, 823, 842, 843, 863, 880b-3a, 1001, 1003, 1011, 1021, 1022 to 1024, 1027, 1031, 1033, 1041, 1051 to 1056, 1061, 1068, 1070, 1074, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1078a, 1080, 1083, 1084, 1087, 1087a, 1087c, 1088, 1088c, 1091, 1091a to 1091c, 1101, 1102, 1108 to 1111, 1115, 1116, 1118, 1119, 1119a, 1119b-2, 1121, 1129, 1133, 1133a, 1134j, 1136, 1136a, 1136b, 1141, 1176, 1231, 1231a, 1232a, 1232c, 1242, 1244, 1248, 1302, 1321 to 1323, 1341, 1352, 1371, 1391, and 1412 of this title, and sections 329, 331, 343, 349, 361, and 1626 of Title 7, sections 24, 84, 1464, and 1757 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, sections 203 and 213 of Title 29, Labor, and sections 2751, 2752, and 2754 of Title 42; repealing sections 1, 2, 426, 711 to 721, 731, 732, 746, 1021, 1031, 1032, 1060, 1118, 1119a, 1119b-2, and 1119c-4 of this title; and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 241a, 241e, 241aa, 331a, 425, 821, 887d, 1001, 1005a, 1009, 1070, 1070e, 1074, 1075, 1087-2, 1087aa, 1091a, 1132a, 1132c-3, 1135c, 1231, and 1232 of this title, and sections 301 and 326a of Title 7, and section 3501 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Education Amendments of 1972'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Section 1 of Pub. L. 90-575 provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 451 to 455, 746, 1056, 1060, 1087, 1087a to 1087c, 1088 to 1088c, 1089, 1119a-1, 1129a, 1133 to 1133b, 1134 to 11347, 1135, 1135a, 1135b, 1135c, 1136 to 1136b, 1145, 1146 to 1150 of this title, amending sections 403, 421 to 425, 425 note, 426, 441 to 445,

462 to 464, 481 to 484, 511, 513, 562, 581, 584, 588, 591, 711, 713 to 718, 731, 732, 743, 751, 758, 961, 1001, 1005, 1006, 1021 to 1024, 1031, 1033, 1041, 1051, 1061, 1062, 1065 to 1068, 1071 to 1075, 1077, 1078, 1080, 1083 to 1086, 1091c, 1101, 1104, 1108 to 1111, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1118, 1119a, 1119b-2, 1121, 1124, 1125, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144 and 1176 of this title, section 1464 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, and sections 2741, 2751 to 2756, and 2809 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing sections 733, 981 to 996 of this title, and section 2757 of Title 42, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 423 to 425, 445, 462 to 464, 588, 713, 716 to 718, 743, 751, 981, 1001, 1006, 1022, 1024, 1051, 1056, 1060, 1067, 1071, 1077, 1078, 1083, 1088b, and 1109 of this title, and sections 2751, 2753, 2754, and 2809 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Higher Education Amendments of 1968'."

SHORT TITLE OF 1966 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 89-752, § 1, Nov. 3, 1966, 80 Stat. 1240, provided: "That this Act [enacting section 1086 of this title, amending sections 403, 421, 425, 441, 443, 711-715, 731, 743, 744, 751, 1022, 1051, 1072, 1121, and 1124 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 403, 443, 1022, 1071, and 1124 of this title] may be cited as the 'Higher Education Amendments of 1966'."

SHORT TITLE

Section 1 of Pub. L. 89-329 provided: "That this Act [enacting this chapter and section 2757 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending sections 403, 424, 425, 441, 443, 591, 711, 713 to 717, 731, and 751 of this title, and sections 2751 to 2756, and 2761 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Higher Education Act of 1965'."

Title V of Pub. L. 89-329, which enacted subchapter V of this chapter, is known as the "Education Professions Development Act", see Short Title note set out under section 1119 of this title.

GENERAL PROVISIONS OF 1972 AMENDMENT Section 2 of Pub. L. 92-318 provided that: "(a) As used in this Act [See Short Title of 1972 Amendment note above]

"(1) the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education]; and

"(2) the term 'Commissioner' means the Commissioner of Education [now Secretary of Education]; unless the context requires another meaning.

"(b) Unless otherwise specified, the redesignation of a section, subsection, or other designation by any amendment in this Act shall include the redesignation of any reference to such section, subsection, or other designation in any Act or regulation, however styled. "(c)(1) Unless otherwise specified, each provision of this Act and each amendment made by this Act shall be effective after June 30, 1972, and with respect to appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1973, and succeeding fiscal years.

"(2) Unless otherwise specified, in any case where an amendment made by this Act is to become effective after a date set herein, it shall be effective with the beginning of the day which immediately follows the date after which such amendment is effective.

"(3) In any case where the effective date for an amendment made by this Act is expressly stated to be effective after June 30, 1971, such amendment shall be deemed to have been enacted on July 1, 1971."

RULEMAKING RequiremenTS; PUBLICATION IN FEDERAL

REGISTER

Section 505 of Pub. L. 90-575 which provided for publication of rules and regulations in Federal Register, was repealed by Pub. L. 91-230, title IV, § 401(e)(2), Apr. 13, 1970, 84 Stat. 173. See section 1232(b) of this title.