Lob Trees in the Wilderness: The Human and Natural History of the Boundary Waters

acres aspen aspen-birch-spruce-fir balsam fir Basswood Lake birch blister rust border lakes country border lakes forest BWCA camps campsites canoe country canoeists cedar changes conifer Courtesy U.S. Forest cutover land cutting dry lightning early eastern ecological ecosystem Figure fire suppression fishing flora forest fire forest floor forest mosaic forest succession fur trade GRAND MARAIS human activity human influence impact increased Indians jack pine Lac La Croix LAKE SAGANAGA lightning fires loggers Minnesota natural northern occurred Ojibway original percent Photo by authors pine harvest pine lands pine lob tree pine logging pine stands pollen population Portage portion postfire present BWCA presettlement forest pulpwood Quetico Provincial Park recreational red and white red pine resorts and cabins seed seedlings settlers Sioux snowmobile soil Superior National Forest timber tion tree species U.S. Forest Service vegetation visitors voyageurs white pine white spruce wilderness areas wilderness preservation woods