They are reminded to minimize the use of electrical equipment such as Xerox machines, calculators, and other office-type business machines. The responsibilities of management officials and facilities managers are also spelled out in the plan, and guidance is provided on shutdown and rescheduling. Building operators are cautioned to avoid starting up, during peak load periods, major electrical equipment which causes heavy surges on the line. Automatic timers are utilized to start and stop individual pieces of equipment and to turn on and off lights on predetermined schedules for the most economical operations. We manage our utilities conservation program on a decentralized basis. We have approximately 200 building superintendents throughout the nation and each one is responsible for reviewing his costs and performance on a day-to-day basis. Staff support and overall guidance are provided from Washington and our 10 regional offices. In addition to action previously taken we recently initiated an experimental program for cleaning out buildings during the daytime working hours of the building tenants. In this way, we will be able to turn off the lights for the entire evening hours throughout the buildings. We are reducing our lighting in hallways and selectively removing fluorescent tubes from lighting fixtures, except those which are located directly over work areas in office space. We expect to reduce lighting loads by 30 percent without interferring with provision of adequate lighting for the visual task being performed. Our overall utilities management program contains a section which deals with emergencies. In this section, each of our field offices is required to develop procedures to be followed when an electrical brownout, blackout, or other utility shortage appears imminent. A list is prepared of all major electrical equipment, indicating which equipment is to be shut down, in what sequence, and the electrical power that can be released to the local utility company. Contact with these utility companies is made in advance and lines of communication established so that requests for power reduction can be quickly responded to. The plan also provides for the restoration of normal electric service. The plans we have developed have already proven helpful in conserving electricity and assisting us during periods of emergencies. In concluding, I would like to make one more observation. We realize that more research and development are required to improve the efficiency of building operations, power generating, and operating equipment. GSA is attempting to be the catalyst for the Federal government in pointing the way. We hope other Federal, State and local government agencies and the industrial sector will acknowledge our contribution and follow this lead. Dr. J. E. Snell Dr. J. E. Hill, Mechanical Engineer, Thermal Engineering Systems Section of the Building Environment Division will speak on Preliminary Design Process, Manchester uilding. Remarks and copies of slides and transparancies used by Dr. Hill To complete the full scope of our presentation, I will now call on some representaives of various industries who will present their views on the subject of energy conervation. Our first speaker is the President of the American Society of Heating, efrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Walter F. Spiegel. Walter F. Spiegel As President of an Engineering Society, it has been my privilege during the past year to work with many people who have exhibited abilities, enthusiasm, and mature judgment in solving engineering problems. Many of the speakers who addressed you this morning have contributed to our Society. The three attributes are very necessary ingredients for problem solving in an age of advanced technology in which a bewildered public tends to look for simplified magical solutions to solve the ills of the times. We have been promised Utopia too many times. Many a buyer is left with an unworkable product or system, and guarantees that are unenforceable. I think we have all had to come to the conclusion that there is no Santa Claus. It is not likely that any single new development--whether it is gasification of coal or breeder reactors--will solve, in one fell swoop, all the energy conservation challenges which we think are soon going to spread throughout the country. It takes a lot of engineering and planning to develop effective solutions. The interest of our Society, ASHRAE, covers a segment of energy utilization which consumes over 11 percent of the energy consumed in the United States. We have put a great deal of emphasis on this subject in the past five years. I think we predicted the problem to some extent. We already have major research projects in progress for several years, and have tried to motivate many of our technical committees to work towards solutions. The results of many of these studies are already available. Right now there is a substantial "kit of tools" available to help our design professionals develop systems for buildings to economically utilize energy. But the design fees to do it practically are very scant in the commercial building market and the motivation on the part of owners and developers is almost totally lacking. This is part of the challenge we all must face. How then can a technical society such as ASHRAE help you? How indeed does a technical society, supported by volunteer efforts, serve a public effort where each problem solutions requires hundreds of thousands of manhours? And where each problem solution requires a mature appraisal? Consider just the four choices of energy for a building system. What does it do to the ecology? Can we provide more housing and at the same time use more energy, and so forth? Many different programs are vying for national priority. How does one choose? I think we have somewhat of a plan to make the expertise of ASHRAE available to help solve some of these problems. We have incorporated the process of collective judgment for critical review. Our committees incorporate each segment of our industry, including design professionals, contractors, manufacturers, users, educators, government personnel, and many others. We believe it is this cross-sectional viewpoint which has been an important ingredient in our Society activity, and it is these combined panels of experts, operating from different enlightened viewpoints, which can give a special validity not only to our own Society's activities, but to the benefit of the public. It is the industry's cross-section which ASHRAE has available to guide not only its own research and technical activities, but to assist in the guidance of other groups doing work in our area of interest for the benefit of the public. You have heard Walter Meisen from GSA; his is one of the government activities with which we are cooperating. Their project manager and some of their consultants have been invited to join our technical committees. We have over 70 technical committees, staff by over 1200 volunteer engineers; each one has an expertise in his own particular field. The voice of our Society will not be a singular one, not the opinion of an individual, but it will reflect the consensus of a responsible cross-section group. When ASHRAE is called upon by a private agent to assist in a project funded by a government or university institution, we have, and will invite representatives, both from the research group and the sponsoring agency, to join one of our committees. Assistance will be of the appropriate nature. We also have a very active and vital standards committee which generates standards for this country and through the ISO for world use. At the local level each one of our 117 chapters is prepared to respond to municipal or state requests to identify knowledgeable members to contribute as individuals, or to provide liaison with one of the society activities for general guidance. This method is not intended to be a short cut to provide true engineering, but a means to share the collective capability and judgment of a very active technical society to help plan a course before it is too late. Dr. J. E. Snell Our next speaker will be Mr. Joseph Demkin, American Institute of Architects. Joseph A. Demkin The American Institute of Architects recognized the emerging energy crisis last year when it formulated a Task Force on Energy Conservation. The charge of the Task Force is to develop a program for the AIA concerning the role of the architect in the field of energy conservation, which includes the monitoring of several research projects that will be conducted by the ALA Research Corporation. At this time, I would like to briefly touch upon some of these activities. First, we have created an Action Plan for the development of a National Program for Energy Conservation in Buildings. This program, proposed to be carried out with the cosponsorship of NBS, will be aimed at the design professions, Federal agencies, constructors and the financial community to achieve the common goal of energy conservation, with its associated reductions in building design, construction and operating costs. In our efforts we will identify the barriers which prevent the implementation of energy saving techniques--that is, we will look into those areas such as attitudes and education of the designer, user attitudes and requirements, regulations, codes, standards and verification of data. (The need for verification was pointed out by a statistic I heard mentioned earlier in reference to gas consumed by pilot lights on residential ranges. I've heard figures of both 10 percent and 50 percent quoted for the amount of energy utilized by the pilot light as a percentage of the total energy required by cooking.) The monitoring and measurement of actual energy for all uses in buildings is needed in order to verify where the greatest savings can be realized. Projects such as the GSA Office Building in Manchester, New Hampshire, will hopefully contribute to that kind of information. The AIA Research Corporation is now doing a study for the Ford Foundation's Energy Policy Project entitled the Architectural and Institutional Opportunities to Conserve Energy in Building Design. One of the main thrusts of this study will be the creation of energy conserving guidelines that are performance stated--and I underline performance-so that as we move from voluntary efforts we are talking about today into the harder constraining actions of regulations and legislation, we do not stifle the imagination and innovative thinking that will be essential for the effective utilization of energy. Another AIA research effort being proposed by Dick Stein to the NSF will measure the total energy impact of construction materials on the environment. This will be accomplished by creating indices which quantify the energy required by materials for their manufacture, assembly on-site and performance in-place. This data would permit the designer to make more effective evaluations early in the decision-making process as they relate to energy use. And now I would like to briefly mention some of the potential areas for energy saving. While the retrofitting of our existing buildings offers a significant potential for savings, the greatest optimization of energy use will occur in future structures, for it is in the earlier stages of decision and design where long-lived energy patterns are molded. The siting and configuration of buildings, as well as the support systems of heating, ventilating, air conditioning and lighting, have a great impact on energy use since the life spans of buildings are measured in decades and centuries, whereas the useful life of appliances and machines is much shorter. This time impact also carries over into another area offering a greater potential for savings, which is in the design of the infrastructure. How we assemble our buildings into neighborhoods, communities, cities and regions has a direct influence on transportation systems which account for about 25 percent of our total energy use. For example, although Washington, D. C. was originally planned in the late 1700's, its initial patterns continue to have a direct bearing on our present and future transportation systems. In addition, these broad-scale patterns affect the location of generating plants and the location of power distribution systems. In closing, I would like to say that it is important that we don't re-invent the energy wheel, but that we make immediate use of present technology. This might include the transfer of technology such as the physiological criteria developed by NASA for life support systems in the space program. The available data of these and other areas could be applied to life support for buildings. Also, we must recognize that this crisis which has been brought about by the collective actions of a multitude of actors in the energy arena will only be solved by the collective efforts of all participants in the total energy chain of transmission, exploration, production and utilization. Therefore, it is most essential that the issue be viewed at all times in its full perspective so that all of our specialized actions reinforce with one another to achieve our broadest objective of efficient application of energy to both the natural and man-made environment. Thank you. Dr. J. E. Snell Our next resource speaker is John Kaufman from the Illuminating Engineering Society. John Kaufman First of all I would like to tell you a little about the IES, in case you are not familiar with its activities. It was established in 1906 with the express purpose of the advancement of the art and science of illumination and the dissemination of the resulting information. The Society has over 10,000 individual members, plus approximately 600 sustaining or company members. There are 118 sections and chapters in 12 regions. The basis of the technical output of the Society is research performed by the Illuminating Engineering Research Institute (a separate organization from IES), whose research is performed at universities throughout the country. In addition, IES uses research from abroad as well as other research within the United States. The IES recommendations are prepared by technical committees. There are over 30 main committees, with a total membership of about 725, of whom less than half are directly related to the lighting field. By lighting field I mean manufacturers of lighting equipment, utility people, and sellers of the equipment. The majority of members come from government, user, physician, and educator groups, other societies, and so forth. Some Society recommendations cover testing procedures, but the majority are application reports--how to light various areas. Some of these reports become American National Standards and go through the normal processing, including public review. All material produced by the Society is published in its own publications. The ones on general application are included in Lighting Design & Application, which is a monthly magazine. The more scientific and technical are published in the Journal of the IES, which is a quarterly publication. Every 6 or 7 years the Society publishes its IES Lighting Handbook, which contains summaries of all current information relating to lighting. Now I would like to get into the aspect of energy conservation. In February of 1972 the IES, realizing its responsibility to the public, prepared 12 recommendations for the conservation of energy and the better utilization of energy used for lighting, all without affecting the quality of lighting design. I would like to quickly read these 12 points: Design lighting for expected activity (light for seeing tasks with less light in surrounding non-working areas). Design with more effective luminaires and fenestration (use system analysis based on life cycles). (By luminaires we mean lighting fixtures.) Use efficient light sources (high lumen per watt output). Use more efficient luminaires. Use thermal controlled luminaires. Use lighter finishes on ceilings, walls, floors and furnishings. Use efficient incandescent lamps. Turn off lights when not needed. Control window brightness. Utilize daylighting as practicable. Keep lighting equipment clean and in good working condition. Post instructions covering operation and maintenance. In January 1973, at the request of New York State's Interdepartmental Fuel and Energy Committee, we prepared a report showing how these 12 points apply in building design and operation and maintenance. We also provided additional detailed information. This material is available to all interested groups. The IES now has several committees working on detailed design procedures to implement the use points. Thank you. Dr. J. E. Snell I would like to introduce Mr. Brian R. Landergan, National Association of Home Builders. Brian R. Landergan Let me say first that the National Association of Home Builders recognizes the need for energy conservation, and it is working towards that goal with our membership which is some 70,000. We, in fact, contributed to the development of those booklets, the 7 and 11 Ways for Saving Energy on the part of the consumer, and we worked with HUD in the development of its improved standard for insulation, which is part of the MPS. It appears this effort, which I personally heard of only yesterday, is an excellent one and we want to help you achieve your goal. We do suggest, however, that conservation is only one means of alleviating the problems of energy shortages. I am sure you all recognize that there are a number of other ways to accomplish a better distribution of the available supplies. There is some question in our minds concerning the apparent emphasis that has been placed this morning on energy savings through new home construction, although I recognize that the last portion of the previous presentation was directed towards the large high-rise buildings. Just to show there are other thoughts on this subject, I would like to quote a Mr. Irwin M. Stelzer's testimony before the Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee. Mr. Stelzer is President of National Economic Research Associates. Is Mr. Stelzer, by any chance in this group? In any case, what he said was, "Those who would conserve energy by focusing on direct ultimate consumers in their homes must be sobered by the fact that transportation, industrial, and commerical uses of energy account for 80 percent of the total nationally, and a like percentage of growth in energy use. Heating, cooking and the many other uses in a household contribute 20 percent of our national energy consumption. Possibilities of ending our energy shortage by focusing on residential customers would seem limited indeed." Those numbers conflict directly with those offered this morning, and would possibly conflict on a long-term basis with the savings suggested earlier by others. If you New housing starts are about 3 percent of the existing housing inventory. say that housing consumes 33 percent of the energy, then that new housing can be expected to use slightly less than one percent of the national energy. Of course, you can't save all of the energy used in homes, because none of them are energy free and more and more of them are becoming better insulated, have double glazing, have more efficient appliances, etc.; but, if you could save another 20 percent, then what you are saving is 20 percent of less than one percent and while this is worthwhile, certainly emphasis has to be placed elsewhere to bring down the total consumption. There are improvements in the home construction industry that are underway for energy consumption. It was noted earlier this year at a round table held by the American Home Magazine on Housing, that lending corporations have noted a definite increase in the use of double glazing. It was also pointed out that the two-story townhouse, which is so prevalent in this area, is a design which saves about 50 percent of the energy which is used in an equivalent one-story slab-on-grade house. Efforts are being made in our organization to encourage improved siding, the use of overhangs, the use of shade trees, use of light-colored paints and roofing. You can be certain when appliances are provided with electronic igniters and automatic pilots, and, incidentially, if you are really concerned about energy conservation, nearly half the gas used in the stoves is used by |