under." The Commission may delegate to a board such. other regulatory functions as the Commission deems appropriate. The Commission may appoint a panel of qualified persons from which board members may be selected.

"b. Board members may be appointed by the Commission from private life, or designated from the staff of the Commission or other Federal agency. Board members appointed from private life shall receive a per diem compensation for each day spent in meetings or conferences, and all members shall receive their necessary traveling or other expenses while engaged in the work of a board. The provisions of section 163 shall be applicable to board members appointed from private life.72

Temporary licensing

sec. 2242.

"SEC. 192. TEMPORARY OPERATING LICENSE."a. In any proceeding upon an application for an authority. operating license for a nuclear power reactor, in which 42 U.S.C a hearing is otherwise required pursuant to section 189 a., the applicant may petition the Commission for a temporary operating license authorizing operation of the facility pending final action by the Commission on the application. Such petition may be filed at any time after filing of: (1) the report of the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards required by subsection 182 b.; (2) the safety evaluation of the application by the Commission's regulatory staff; and (3) the regulatory staff's final detailed statement on the environmental impact of the facility prepared pursuant to section 102(2)(C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (83 Stat. 853) or, in the case of an application for operating license filed on or before September 9, 1971, if the regulatory staff's final detailed statement required under section 102(2) (C) is not completed, the Commission must satisfy the applicable requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act prior to issuing any temporary operating license under this section 192. The petition shall be accompanied by an affidavit or affidavits setting forth the facts upon which the petitioner relies to justify issuance of the temporary operating license. Any party to the proceeding may file affidavits in support of, or opposition to, the petition within fourteen days

71 Public Law 91-560 (84 Stat. 1472) (1970), sec. 10, amended the first sentence of subsec. 191 a. Before amendment it read as follows:

"Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 7(a) and 8(a) of the Administrative Procedure Act, the Commission is authorized to establish one or more atomic safety and licensing boards, each composed of three members, two of whom shall be technically qualified and one of whom shall be qualified in the conduct of administrative proceedings, to conduct such hearings as the Commission may direct and make such intermediate or final decisions as the Commission may authorize with respect to the granting, suspending, revoking or amending of any license or authorization under the provisions of this Act, any other provision of law, or any regulation of the Commission issued hereunder."

72 Sec. 191 was added by Public Law 87-615 (76 Stat. 409) (1962). 1sec. 1.

after the filing of such petition, or within such additional time not to exceed ten days as may be fixed by the Commission. The Commission shall hold a hearing after ten days' notice and publication once in the Federal Register on any such petition and supporting material filed under this section and the decision of the Commission with respect to the issuance of a temporary operating license, following such hearing, shall be on the basis of findings on the matters specified in subsection b. of this section. The hearing required by this section and the decision of the Commission on the petition shall be conducted with expedited procedures as the Commission may by rule, regulation, or order deem appropriate for a full disclosure of material facts on all substantial issues raised in connection with the proposed temporary operating license.

"b. With respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection a. of this section, the Commission shall issue a temporary operating license upon finding that:

"(1) the provisions of section 185 have been met with respect to the temporary operating license;

"(2) operation of the facility during the period of the temporary operating license in accordance with its terms and conditions will provide adequate protection of the environment during the period of the temporary operating license; and

"(3) operation of the facility in accordance with the terms and conditions of the temporary operating license is essential toward insuring that the power generating capacity of a utility system or power pool is at, or is restored to, the levels required to assure the adequacy and reliability of the power supply, taking into consideration factors which include, but need not be limited to, alternative available sources of supply, historical reserve requirements for the systems involved to function reliably, the possible endangerment to the public health and safety in the event of power shortages, and data from appropriate Federal and State governmental bodies which have official responsibility to assure an adequate and reliable power supply.

The temporary license shall contain such terms and conditions as the Commission may deem necessary, including the duration of the license and any provision for the extension thereof, and the requirement that the licensee not retire or dismantle any of its existing generating capacity on the ground of the availability of the capacity from the facility which is operating under the temporary license. Any decision or other document authorizing the issuance of any temporary license pursuant to this section shall recite with specificity the reasons justifying the issuance. The decision of the Commission with respect to the issuance of a temporary operating license shall be

subject to judicial review pursuant to the Act of December 29, 1950, as amended (ch. 1189, 64 Stat. 1129).

“c. The hearing on the application for the final operating license otherwise required pursuant to section 189 a. shall be concluded as promptly as practicable. The Commission shall vacate the temporary operating license if it finds that the applicant is not prosecuting the application for the final operating license with due diligence. Issuance of a temporary operating license pursuant to subsection b. of this section shall be without prejudice to the position of any party to the proceeding in which a hearing is otherwise required pursuant to section 189 a.; and failure to assert any ground for denial or limitation of a temporary operating license shall not bar the assertion of such ground in connection with the issuance of a subsequent final operating license.

"d. The authority under this section shall expire on October 30, 1973.73

"CHAPTER 18. ENFORCEMENT

"SEC. 221. GENERAL PROVISIONS.74

General

42 U.S.C.

"a. To protect against the unlawful dissemination of provisions. Restricted Data and to safeguard facilities, equipment, sec. 2271. materials, and other property of the Commission, the President shall have authority to utilize the services of any Government agency to the extent he may deem necessary or desirable.

73 Sec. 192 was added by Public Law 92-307 (86 Stat. 191) (1972). 74 Public Law 95-110 (91 Stat. 884) (1977), sec. 302 (a), repealed chapter 17. Prior to repeal, chapter 17 read as follows:

"CHAPTER 17. JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY

"SEC. 201. MEMBERSHIP.-There is hereby established a Joint Committee on Atomic Energy to be composed of nine Members of the Senate to be appointed by the President of the Senate, and nine Members of the House of Representatives to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. In each instance not more than five Members shall be members of the same political party.

"SEC. 202. AUTHORITY AND DUTY.

"a. The Joint Committee shall make continuing studies of the activities of the Atomic Energy Commission and of problems relating to the development, use, and control of atomic energy. During the first ninety days of each session of the Congress, the Joint Committee may conduct hearings in either open or executive session for the purpose of receiving information concerning the development, growth, and state of the atomic energy industry. The Commission shall keep the Joint Committee fully and currently informed with respect to all of the Commission's activities. The Department of Defense shall keep the Joint Committee fully and currently informed with respect to all matters within the Department of Defense relating to the development, utilization, or application of atomic energy. Any Government agency shall furnish any information requested by the Joint Committee with respect to the activities or responsibilities of that agency in the field of atomic energy. All bills, resolutions, and other matters in the Senate or the House of Representatives relating primarily to the Commission or to the development, use, or control of atomic energy shall be referred to the Joint Committee. The members of the Joint Committee who are Members of the Senate shall from time to time report to the Senate, and the members of the Joint Committee who are Members of the House of Representatives shall from time to time report to the House, by bill or otherwise, their recommendations with respect to matters within the jurisdiction of their respective Houses which are referred to the Joint Committee or otherwise within the jurisdiction of the Joint Committee. (Continued)

"b. The Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice shall investigate all alleged or suspected criminal violations of this Act.

(Continued)

"b. The members of the Joint Committee who are Members of the Senate and the members of the Joint Committee who are Members of the House of Representatives shall, on or before June 30 of each year. report to their respective Houses on the development, use, and control of nuclear energy for the common defense and security and for peaceful purposes. Each report shall provide facts and information available to the Joint Committee concerning nuclear energy which will assist the appropriate committees of the Congress and individual members in the exercise of informed judgment on matters of weaponry; foreign policy: defense; international trade; and in respect to the expenditure and appropriation of Government revenues. Each report shall be presented formally under circumstances which provide for clarification and discussion by the Senate and the House of Representatives. In recognition of the need for public understanding, presentations of the reports shall be made to the maximum extent possible in open session and by means of unclassified written materials.

"SEC. 203. CHAIRMAN.-Vacancies in the membership of the Joint Committee shall not affect the power of the remaining members to execute the functions of the Joint Committee, and shall be filled in the same manner as in the case of the original selection. The Joint Committee shall select a Chairman and a Vice Chairman from among its members at the beginning of each Congress. The Vice Chairman shall act in the place and stead of the Chairman in the absence of the Chairman. The Chairmanship shall alternate between the Senate and the House of Representatives with each Congress, and the Chairman shall be selected by the Members from that House entitled to the Chairmanship. The Vice Chairman shall be chosen from the House other than that of the Chairman by the Members from that House.

"SEC. 204. POWERS.-In carrying out its duties under this Act, the Joint Committee, or any duly authorized, subcommittee thereof, is authorized to hold such hearings or investigations, to sit and act at such places and times, to require, by subpena or otherwise, the attendance of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, to administer such oaths, to take such testimony, to procure such printing and binding, and to make such expenditures as it deems advisable. The Joint Committee may make such rules respecting its organization and procedures as it deems necessary: Provided, however, That no measure or recommendation shall be reported from the Joint Committee unless a majority of the committee assent. Subpenas may be issued over the signature of the Chairman of the Joint Committee or by any member designated by him or by the Joint Committee, and may be served by such person or persons as may be designated by such Chairman or member. The Chairman of the Joint Commitee or any member thereof may administer oaths to witnesses. The Joint Committee may use a committee seal. The provisions of sections 102 to 104, inclusive, of the Revised Statutes, as amended, shall apply in case of any failure of any witness to comply with a subpena or to testify when summoned under authority of this section. The expenses of the Joint Commitee shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate from funds appropriated for the Joint Committee upon vouchers approved by the Chairman. The cost of stenographic service to report pubile hearings shall not be in excess of the amounts prescribed by law for reporting the hearings of standing committees of the Senate. The cost of stenographic service to report executive hearings shall be fixed at an equitable rate by the Joint Commitee. Members of the Joint Committee, and its employees and consultants, while traveling on official business for the Joint Committee, may receive either the per diem allowance authorized to be paid to Members of Congress or its employees, or their actual and necessary expenses provided an itemized statement of such expenses is attached to the voucher.

"SEC. 205. STAFF AND ASSISTANCE.-The Joint Committee is empowered to appoint and fix the compensation of such experts, consultants, technicians, and staff employees as it deems necessary and advisable. The Joint Committee is authorized to utilize the services, information, facilities, and personnel of the departments and establishments of the Government. The Joint Committee is authorized to permit such of its members, employees, and consultants as it deems necessary in the interest of common defense and security to carry firearms while in the discharge of their official duties for the committee.

"SEC. 206. CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION.-The Joint Committee may classify information originating within the committee in accordance with standards used generally by the executive branch for classifying Restricted Data or defense information.

"SEC. 207. RECORDS.-The Joint Committee shall keep a complete record of all committee actions, including a record of the votes on any question on which a record vote is demanded. All committee records, data, charts, and files shall be the property of the Joint Committee and shall be kept in the offices of the Joint Committee or other places as the Joint Committee may direct under such security safeguards as the Joint Committee shall determine in the interest of the common defense and security.

"c. No action shall be brought against any individual or person for any violation under this Act unless and until the Attorney General of the United States has advised the Commission with respect to such action and no such action shall be commenced except by the Attorney General of the United States: Provided, however, That no action shall be brought under section 222, 223, 224, 225 or 226 except by the express direction of the Attorney General: And provided further, That nothing in this subsection shall be construed as applying to administrative action taken by the Commission.75

Violation of specific

sections. 42 U.S.C.

sec. 2272.

"SEC. 222. VIOLATION OF SPECIFIC SECTIONS.-Whoever willfully violates, attempts to violate, or conspires to violate, any provision of sections 57, 92, or 101, or whoever unlawful interferes, attempts to interfere, or conspires to interfere with any recapture or entry under section 108, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment for not more than ten 76 years, or both, except that whoever commits such an offense with intent to injure the United States or with intent to secure an advantage to any foreign nation shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by imprisonment for life, or by imprisonment for any term of years or a fine of not more than $20,000 or both. 77 "SEC. 223. VIOLATION OF SECTIONS GENERALLY.--Who- Violation ever willfully violates, attempts to violate, or conspires generally. to violate, any provision of this Act for which no crimi- 42 U.S.C. nal 78 penalty is specifically provided or of any regulation or order prescribed or issued under section 65 or subsections 161 b., i., or o." shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than $5,000 or by imprisonment for not more than two years, or both, except that whoever commits such an offense with intent to injure the United States or with intent to secure an advantage to any foreign nation, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than $20,000 or by imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.

Public Law 91-161 (83 Stat. 444) (1969), sec. 5, amended sec. 221 by adding the second proviso.

Public Law 91-161 (83 Stat. 444) (1969), sec. 2. amended sec. 222 by substituting the word "ten" for the word "five". Sec. 7 provided that the amendment apply only to offenses committed on or after December 24, 1969.

Public Law 91-161 (83 Stat. 444) (1969), sec. 3(a), amended sec. 222 by substituting the words "imprisonment for life, or by imprisonment for any term of years or a fine of not more than $20.000 or both" in lieu of "death or imprisonment for life (but the penalty of death or imprisonment for life may be imposed only upon recommendation of the jury), or by a fine of not more than $20,000 or by imprisonment for not more than 20 years. or both". Sec. 7 provided that the amendment apply only to offenses committed on or after December 24, 1969.

78 Public Law 91-161 (83 Stat. 444) (1969), sec. 6. amended sec. 223 by adding the word "criminal" before the word "penalty".

Public Law 90-190 (81 Stat. 575) (1967), sec. 12, amended sec. 223 by striking out the letter "p." appearing after the word "or", and inserting in lieu thereof the letter "o."

of sections

sec. 2273.