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Glossary

Acute Treatment. Formally defined procedures used to reduce and remove the signs and symptoms of depression and to restore psychosocial function. Adequate Treatment Analysis. Analysis of data in terms of the

relationship between the number of patients who received a predetermined minimum amount of treatment and the number who responded.

Agoraphobia. A disorder characterized by a fear of open, public places or of situations where crowds are found.

Anhedonia. An absence of or the inability to experience a sense of pleasure from any activity.

Behavioral Therapy. A form of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying observable problematic behaviors by systematic manipulation of the environment.

Bipolar Disorder. A major mood disorder characterized by episodes of major depression and mania or hypomania, formerly called manicdepressive psychosis, circular type. The diagnosis of bipolar I disorder requires one or more episodes of mania. The diagnosis of bipolar II disorder requires one or more episodes of hypomania and is excluded by the history or presence of a manic episode. Current episode may be manic, depressed, hypomanic, or mixed manic type.

Clinical Management. Education of and discussion with patients and, when appropriate, their families about the nature of depression, its course, and the relative costs and benefits of treatment options. It also includes assessment and management of the patient while in treatment, along with resolution of obstacles to treatment adherence, monitoring and management of treatment side effects, and assessment of outcome.

Cognitive Therapy. A treatment method that focuses on revising a person's maladaptive processes of thinking, perceptions, attitudes and beliefs. Cognitive therapy has been developed for different specific disorders, including depression.

Completer Analysis. Analysis of data in terms of the relationship between the number of patients whose condition improved and the number who completed the treatment protocol.

Continuation Treatment. Treatment designed to prevent the return of the most recent mood episode.

Cyclothymic Disorder. A mood disorder of at least 2 years' duration characterized by numerous periods of mild depressive symptoms not sufficient in duration or severity to meet criteria for major depressive

episodes interspersed with periods of hypomania. Some view this condition as a mild variant of bipolar disorder.

Dementia. A group of mental disorders involving a general loss of intellectual abilities, including memory, judgment, and abstract thinking. There may be associated poor impulse control and/or personality change. Dementias may be progressive, reversible, or static and have a variety of

causes.

Dysthymia. A mood disorder characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure in customary activities, with some additional signs and symptoms of depression, that is present most of the time for at least 2 years. Many patients with dysthymia go on to develop major depressive episodes.

Electroconvulsive Therapy. A treatment method usually reserved for very severe or psychotic depressions or manic states that often are not

responsive to medication treatment. A low-voltage alternating current is sent to the brain to induce a convulsion or seizure, which accounts for the therapeutic effect.

Hypomania. An episode of illness that resembles mania, but is less intense and less disabling. The state is characterized by a euphoric mood, unrealistic optimism, increased speech and activity, and a decreased need for sleep. For some, there is increased creativity, while others evidence poor judgment and impaired function.

Intent-to-Treat Analysis. Analysis of data in terms of the relationship between the number of patients randomized to treatment and the number whose condition improved.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy. A time-limited psychotherapeutic approach that aims at clarification and resolution of one or more of the following interpersonal difficulties: role disputes, social isolation, prolonged grief reaction, or role transition. The patient and therapist define the nature of the difficulty and work to its resolution.

Maintenance Treatment. Treatment designed to prevent a new mood episode (e.g., depression, mania, hypomania).

Major Depressive Disorder. A major mood disorder characterized by one (single) or more (recurrent) episodes of major depression, with or without full recovery between episodes.

Mania. An episode of illness usually seen in the course of bipolar I disorder and characterized by hyperexcitability, euphoria, and hyperactivity. Rapid thinking and speaking, agitation, a decreased need for sleep, and a marked increase in energy are nearly always present. During manic episodes, some patients also experience hallucinations or delusions. Manic episodes can also be caused by selected general medical disorders.