Wells KB, Golding JM, Burnam MA. Affective, substance use, and anxiety disorders in persons with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or chronic lung conditions. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1989;11:320-7.

Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, Burnam MA, Rogers W, Daniels M, Berry S, Greenfield S, Ware J. The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA 1989;262(7):914-9.

Willenbring ML. Measurement of depression in alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 1986;47(5):367-72.

Willett AB, King T. Implementation of laboratory screening procedures on a short term psychiatric inpatient unit. Dis Nerv Syst 1977;38:867-70.

Wing J, Birley J, Cooper J, Graham P, Isaacs A. Reliability of a procedure for measuring and classifying "Present Psychiatric State." Br J Psychiatry 1967;113:499-515.

Wing RR, Marcus MD, Blair EH, Epstein LH, Burton LR. Depressive symptomatology in obese adults with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1990;13(2):170-2.

Winokur G, Reich T, Rimmer J, Pitts FN Jr. Alcoholism: III. Diagnosis and familial psychiatric illness in 259 alcoholic probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1970;23(2):104-11.

Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tugwell P, Campbell SM, Abeles M, Clark P, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia: report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33(2):160-72.

Woodruff RA, Guze SB, Clayton PJ, Carr D. Alcoholism and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;28:97-100.

Zich JM, Attkisson CC, Greenfield TK. Screening for depression in primary care clinics: the CES-D and the BDI. Int J Psychiatry Med 1990;20:259-77.

Zimmerman M, Coryell W. DSM-III personality disorder diagnoses in a nonpatient sample: demographic correlates and comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:682-9.

Zimmerman M, Coryell W, Stangl D, Pfohl B. Validity of an operational definition for neurotic unipolar major depression. J Affect Disord 1987;12:29-40. Zinbarg RE, Barlow DH, Liebowitz M, Broadhead E, Katon W, Roy-Byrne P, Lepine J, Teherani M, Richards J, Brantly P, Kraemer HC. DSM-IV field trial: mixed anxiety depression. In: Frances AJ, Widiger T, editors. DSM-IV sourcebook. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; in press.

Zisook S, Schuckit MA. Male primary alcoholics with and without family histories of affective disorder. J Stud Alcohol 1987;48(4):337-44.

Zisook S, Shuchter SR. Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148(10):1346-52.

Acronyms

AHCPR

BDI

BRDS

CDC

CES-D

DIS

DNOS

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
Beck Depression Inventory

Bech-Rafaelsen Depression Scale

Centers for Disease Control

Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale
Diagnostic Interview Schedule

Depression not otherwise specified

DSM-III-R Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised

ECA

Epidemiologic Catchment Area

Electroconvulsive therapy

General Health Questionnaire

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Inventory for Depression Symptomatology-Clinician Rated
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

ECT

GHQ

HRS-D

ICD-9

IDDM

IDS-C

MADRS

MAOI

MMPI

NIDDM

NIMH

National Institute of Mental Health

Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia

Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-
Lifetime Version

Glossary

Acute Treatment. Formally defined procedures used to reduce and remove the signs and symptoms of depression and to restore psychosocial function. Adequate Treatment Analysis. Analysis of data in terms of the

relationship between the number of patients who received a predetermined minimum amount of treatment and the number who responded.

Agoraphobia. A disorder characterized by a fear of open, public places or of situations where crowds are found.

Anhedonia. An absence of or the inability to experience a sense of pleasure from any activity.

Behavioral Therapy. A form of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying observable problematic behaviors by systematic manipulation of the environment.

Bipolar Disorder. A major mood disorder characterized by episodes of major depression and mania or hypomania, formerly called manicdepressive psychosis, circular type. The diagnosis of bipolar I disorder requires one or more episodes of mania. The diagnosis of bipolar II disorder requires one or more episodes of hypomania and is excluded by the history or presence of a manic episode. Current episode may be manic, depressed, hypomanic, or mixed manic type.

Clinical Management. Education of and discussion with patients and, when appropriate, their families about the nature of depression, its course, and the relative costs and benefits of treatment options. It also includes assessment and management of the patient while in treatment, along with resolution of obstacles to treatment adherence, monitoring and management of treatment side effects, and assessment of outcome.

Cognitive Therapy. A treatment method that focuses on revising a person's maladaptive processes of thinking, perceptions, attitudes and beliefs. Cognitive therapy has been developed for different specific disorders, including depression.

Completer Analysis. Analysis of data in terms of the relationship between the number of patients whose condition improved and the number who completed the treatment protocol.

Continuation Treatment. Treatment designed to prevent the return of the most recent mood episode.

Cyclothymic Disorder. A mood disorder of at least 2 years' duration characterized by numerous periods of mild depressive symptoms not sufficient in duration or severity to meet criteria for major depressive

episodes interspersed with periods of hypomania. Some view this condition as a mild variant of bipolar disorder.

Dementia. A group of mental disorders involving a general loss of intellectual abilities, including memory, judgment, and abstract thinking. There may be associated poor impulse control and/or personality change. Dementias may be progressive, reversible, or static and have a variety of

causes.

Dysthymia. A mood disorder characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure in customary activities, with some additional signs and symptoms of depression, that is present most of the time for at least 2 years. Many patients with dysthymia go on to develop major depressive episodes.

Electroconvulsive Therapy. A treatment method usually reserved for very severe or psychotic depressions or manic states that often are not

responsive to medication treatment. A low-voltage alternating current is sent to the brain to induce a convulsion or seizure, which accounts for the therapeutic effect.

Hypomania. An episode of illness that resembles mania, but is less intense and less disabling. The state is characterized by a euphoric mood, unrealistic optimism, increased speech and activity, and a decreased need for sleep. For some, there is increased creativity, while others evidence poor judgment and impaired function.

Intent-to-Treat Analysis. Analysis of data in terms of the relationship between the number of patients randomized to treatment and the number whose condition improved.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy. A time-limited psychotherapeutic approach that aims at clarification and resolution of one or more of the following interpersonal difficulties: role disputes, social isolation, prolonged grief reaction, or role transition. The patient and therapist define the nature of the difficulty and work to its resolution.

Maintenance Treatment. Treatment designed to prevent a new mood episode (e.g., depression, mania, hypomania).

Major Depressive Disorder. A major mood disorder characterized by one (single) or more (recurrent) episodes of major depression, with or without full recovery between episodes.

Mania. An episode of illness usually seen in the course of bipolar I disorder and characterized by hyperexcitability, euphoria, and hyperactivity. Rapid thinking and speaking, agitation, a decreased need for sleep, and a marked increase in energy are nearly always present. During manic episodes, some patients also experience hallucinations or delusions. Manic episodes can also be caused by selected general medical disorders.