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Skelley, 1 Black, 436; Franklin Branch Bank v. State of Ohio, 1 Black, 474; Trustees of the Wabash and Erie Canal Company v. Beers, 2 Black, 448; Gilman v. City of Sheboygan, 2 Black, 510; Bridge Proprietors v. Hoboken Company, 1 Wall., 116; 3Hawthorne v. Calef, 2 Wall., 10; The Binghamton Bridge, 3 Wall., 51; The Turnpike Company. The State, 3 Wall., 210; Locke v. City of New Orleans, 4 Wall., 172; Railroad Company . Rock, 4 Wall., 177; Cummings v. State of Missouri, 4 Wall., 277; Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall., 333; 3 Von Hoffman v. City of Quincy, 4 Wall., 535; Mulligan v. Corbin, 7 Wall., 487; Furman v. Nichol, 8 Wall., 44; 3 Home of the Friendless v. Rouse, 8 Wall., 430; The Washington University. Rouse, 8 Wall., 439; Butz v. City of Muscatine, 8 Wall., 575; Drehman v. Stifle, 8 Wall., 595; Hepburn v. Griswold, 8 Wall., 603; Gut v. The State, 9 Wall., 35; Railroad Company v. McClure, 10 Wall., 511; Parker v. Davis, 12 Wall., 457; Curtis v. Whiting, 13 Wall., 68; Pennsylvania College Cases, 13 Wall., 190; Wilmington R. R. v. Reid, sheriff, 13 Wall., 264; Salt Company v. East Saginaw, 13 Wall., 373; White v. Hart, 13 Wall., 646; 3 Osborn v. Nicholson et al., 13 Wall., 654; Railroad Company . Johnson, 15 Wall., 195; Case of the State tax on foreign-held bonds, 15 Wall., 300; Tomlinson v. Jessup, 15 Wall., 454; 3Tomlinson v. Branch, 15 Wall., 460; 3 Miller v. The State, 15 Wall., 478; Holyoke Company . Lyman, 15 Wall., 500; Gunn r. Barry, 15 Wall., 610; 3 Humphrey v. Pegues, 16 Wall., 244; 3 Walker e. Whitehead, 16 Wall., 314; Sohn r. Waterson, 17 Wall., 596; 3 Barings v. Dabney, 19 Wall., 1; Head v. The University, 19 Wall., 526; 3 Pacific R. R. Co. v. Maguire, 20 Wall., 36; 3 Garrison . The City of New York, 21 Wall., 196; Ochiltree v. The Railroad Company, 21 Wall., 249; 3 Wilmington, &c., Railroad v. King, ex., 91 Ú. S., 3; County of Moultrie . Rockingham Ten Cent Savings Bank, 92 U. S., 631; Home Insurance Company . City Council of Augusta, 93 U. S., 116; 3 West Wisconsin R. R. Co. v. Supervisors, 93 U. S., 595; New Jersey v. Yard, 95 U. S., 104; Railroad Company v. Hecht, 95 U. S., 168; Terry . Anderson, 95 U. S., 628; Farrington v. Tennessee, 95 U. S., 679; 3 Blount v. Windley, 95 U. S., 173; Murray r. Charleston, 96 U. S., 432; Edwards . Kearzey, 96 U. S., 595; Tennessee v. Snead, 96 U. S., 69; William v. Bruffy, 96 U. S., 176; Railroad Co. r. Richmond, 96 U. S., 521; Beer Company. Massachusetts, 97 U. S., 25; Fertilizing Co. v. Hyde Park, 97 U. S., 659; 3 Railroad Co. v. Gaines, 97 U. S., 697; Unites States 7. Memphis, 97 U. S., 284; Keith v. Clark, 97 U. S., 454; Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 98 U. S., 359; 3 University r. People, 99 U. S., 309; 3 Newton v. Commissioners, 100 U. S., 548; Railroad Co. v. Tennessee, 101 U. S., 337; Wright v. Nagle, 101 U. S., 791; Stone r. Mississippi, 101 U. S., 814; Railroad Co. v. Alabama, 101 U. S., 832; Louisiana . New Orleans, 102 U. S., 203; Hall r. Wisconsin, 103 U. S., 5; Penniman's case, 103 U. S., 714; Wolf r. New Orleans, 13 U. S., 358; Koshkonong v. Burton, 104 U. S., 668; Railroad Co. v. Hammersley, 104 U. S., 1; 3 County of Clay . Society for Savings, 104 U. S., 579; Guaranty Co. v. Board of Liquidation, 105 U. S., 622; Greenwood v. Freight Co., 105 U. S., 13; Asylum 7. New Orleans, 105 U. S., 362; Louisiana v. Pillsbury, 105 U. S., 278; New Orleans v. Morris, 105 U. S., 600; Kring v. Missouri, 107 U. S., 221; Close v. Glenwood Cemetery, 107 U. S., 466; 3 Antoni H. Doc. 87, 59-1-2

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v. Greenhow, 107 U. S., 769; 3 Vance . Vance, 108 U. S., 514; Memphis Gas Light Co., 109 U. S., 398; Canada Southern Railway v. Gebhard, 109 U. S., 527; Louisiana r. New Orleans, 109 U. S., 285; Gilfillan v. Union Canal Co., 109 U. S., 401; Spring Valley Water Works v. Schottler, 110 U. S., 347; 3 Butchers' Union Co. v. Crescent City Company, 111 U. S., 746; Nelson v. St. Martin's Parish, 111 U. S., 716; 3 Marys v. Parsons (Virginia Tax), 114 U. S.,325; 1 and 3 Virginia Coupon Cases; Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 U. S., 270; Amy et al. v. Shelby County Taxing District et als., 114 U. S., 387; 1 and 3 Allen, Auditor, et al. v. Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co., 114 U. S., 311; Effinger v. Kenney, Trustee, 115 U. S., 566; New Orleans Gas Co. v. Louisiana Light Co., 115 U. S., 650; 3 Louisville Gas Co. v. Citizens Gas Co., 115 U. S., 683; New Orleans Water Works Co. r. Rivers, 115 U. S., 674;3 Fisk v. Jefferson Police Jury, 116 U. S., 131; 3 Mobile v. Watson, 116 U. S., 289; 3 New Orleans v. Houston, 119 U. S., 265; St. Tammany Water Works v. New Orleans Water Works, 120 U. S., 64; 3 Church v. Kelsey, 121 U.S., 282; Lehigh Water Co. v. Easton, 121 U. S., 388; 3 Seibert v. Lewis, 122 U. S., 284; 3 New Orleans Water Works . Louisiana Sugar Refining Co., 125 U. S., 18; 3 Maynard v. Hill, 125 U. S., 190; 2 Jaehne v. New York, 128 U. S., 189; Denny v. Bennett, 128 U. S., 489; Williamson . New Jersey, 130 U. S., 189; Freeland v. Williams, 131 U. S., 405; Campbell . Wade, 132 U. S., 34; Pennsylvania Railroad Co. v. Miller, 132 U. S., 75; 3 Pennie v. Reis, 132 U. Š., 464; Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S., 1; Crenshaw v. United States, 134 U. S., 99; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. r. Minnesota, 134 U. S., 418; Minneapolis Eastern R. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S., 467; 3 Hill v. Merchants' Ins. Co., 134 U. S., 515; 2 Medley, Petitioner, 134 U. S., 160; Virginia Coupon Cases, 135 U. S., 662; United States v. North Carolina, 136 U. S., 211; 3 Wheeler v. Jackson, 137 U. S., 245; 2 Holden v. Minnesota, 137 U. S., 483; Sioux City Street Railway Co. v. Sioux City, 138 U. S., 98; 3 Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Co. v. Wheeling Bridge Co., 138 U. S., 287; Pennoyer . McConnaughy, 140 U. S., 1; Scotland County Court v. Hill, 140 U. S. 41; Essex Public Road Board v. Spinkle, 140 U. S., 334; 3 Stein v. Bienville Water Supply Co., 141 U. S., 67; 3 New Orleans v. New Orleans Water Works Co., 142 U. S., 79; 3 New Orleans City & Lake Railroad Co. v. New Orleans, 143 U. S., 192; Louisville Water Co. v. Clark, 143 U. S., 1; 3 New York v. Squire, 145 U. S., 175; 3 Baker v. Kilgore, 145 U. S., 487; 3 Morley . Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R. Co., 146 U. S., 162; Hamilton Gas Light & Coke Co. v. Hamilton City, 146 U. S., 258; 3 Wilmington & Weldon Railroad Co. v. Alsbrook, 146 U. S., 279; 3 Illinois Central Railroad v. Illinois, 146 U. S., 387; 3 Bier v. McGehee, 148 U. S., 137; Schurz v. Cook, 148 U. S., 397; 3 New York & New England Railroad Co. v. Bristol, 151 U. S., 556; 3 Bryan v. Board of Education, etc., 151 U. S., 639; 3 Duncan v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 377; 3 New Orleans . Benjamin, 153 U. S., 411; Eagle Insurance Co. v. Ohio, 153 U. S., 446; New York, Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 153 U. S., 628; 3 Mobile & Ohio R. R. Co. v. Tennessee, 153 U.S., 486; United States, ex rel. Siegel v. Thoman, 156 U. S., 353; St. Louis & San Francisco Railway Co. v. Gill, 156 U. S., 649; New Orleans City & Lake R. R. Co. v. Louisiana ex rel. New Orleans, 157 U. S., 219; Bank of Commerce v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., 134; 3 Baltzer v. North Carolina,

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161 U. S., 240; 3 Barsall v. Great Northern Railway Co., 161 U. S., 646; Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 161 U. S., 677; 3 Woodruff v. Mississippi, 162 U. S., 291; Gibson v. Mississippi, 162 U. S., 565; 3Barnitz v. Beverly, 163 U. S., 118; Hanford v. Davies, 163 U. S., 273; Covington & Lexington Turnpike Co. v. Sandford, 164 U. S., 578; St. Louis & San Francisco Railway Co. v. Mathews, 165 U. S., 1; 3 Grand Lodge F. & A. Masons v. New Orleans, 166 U. S., 143; Baltimore v. Baltimore Trust and Guarantee Co., 166 U. S. 673; 3 City Railway Co. v. Citizens' Street Railroad Co., 166 U. S., 557; 3 Wabash R. R. Co. v. Defiance, 167 U. S., 88; Shapleigh v. San Angelo, 167 U. S., 646; St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. v. St. Paul Water Commissioners, 168 U. S., 349; Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U. S., 488; Hawker v. New York, 170 U. S., 189; Galveston, Harrisburg, etc., Railway Co. v. Texas, 170 U. S., 226; 3 Houston & Texas Central Railway Co. v. Texas, 170 U. S., 243; Williams v. Eggleston, 170 U. S., 304; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. v. Nebraska, 170 U. S., 57; 3 Laclede Gas Light Co. v. Murphy, 170 U. S., 78; Louisville Water Co. v. Kentucky, 170 U. S., 127; 2 Thompson v. Missouri, 171 U. S., 380; 3 Walla Walla City v. Walla Walla Water Co., 172 U. S., 1; McCullough v. Virginia, 172 U. S., 102; Connecticut Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Spratley, 172 U. S., 602; Citizens' Savings Bank v. Owensboro, 173 U. S., 636; 3 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Co. v. Smith, 173 U. S., 684; 3 Covington v. Kentucky, 173 U. S., 231; Henderson Bridge Co. v. Henderson City, 173 U. S., 592; 3 Walsh v. Columbus, Hocking Valley & Athens R. R. Co., 176 U. S., 469; 3 Adirondack Railway Co. v. New York State, 176 U. S., 335; New York Life Insurance Co. v. Cravens, 178 U. S., 389; Looker. Maynard, 179 U. S., 46; 3 Stearns v. Minnesota, 179 U. S., 223; McDonald v. Massachusetts, 180 U. S., 311; Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Adams, 180 U. S., 28; 3 St. Paul Gas Light Co. v. St. Paul, 181 U. S., 142; Red River Valley Bank v. Craig, 181 U. S., 548; 2 Mallett v. North Carolina, 181 U. S., 589; Bedford v. Eastern Building and Loan Association, 181 U. S., 227; Knoxville Iron Co. v. Harbison, 183 U. S., 13; 3 Orr v. Gilman, 183 U. S., 278; 3 Wilson v. Iseminger, 185 U. S., 55; 3 Vicksburg Waterworks Co. v. Vicksburg, 185 U. S., 65; 3 Hanover National Bank v. Moyses, 186 U. S., 181; 3 Northern Central Railway Co. v. Maryland, 187 Ú. S., 258; Oshkosh Waterworks Co. v. Oshkosh, 187 U. S., 437; 23 Diamond Glue Co. v. U. S. Glue Co., 187 U. S., 611; 3 Weber v. Rogan, 188 U. S., 10; 3 Blackstone v. Miller, 188 U. S., 189; 2 Reetz v. Michigan, 188 U. S., 505; 3 Waggoner v. Flack, 188 U. S., 595; Owensboro v. Owensboro Water-Works Co., 191 U. S., 358; Wisconsin & Michigan Ry. Co. v. Powers, 191 U. S., 379; 3 Deposit Bank v. Frankfort, 191 U. S., 499; Citizens' Bank v. Parker, 192 U. S., 73; 3 Stanislaus County v. San Joaquin C. & I. Co., 192 U. S., 201. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Impost or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of

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the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

McCulloch v. State of Maryland, 4 Wh., 316; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wh., 1; Brown v. The State of Maryland, 12 Wh., 419; Mager v. Grima et al., 8 How., 490; Cooley r. Board of Wardens of Port of Philadelphia et al., 12 How., 299; Almy v. State of California, 24 How., 169; License Tax Cases, 5 Wall., 462; Crandall r. State of Nevada, 6 Wall., 35; Waring v. The Mayor, 8 Wall., 110; Woodruff v. Perham, 8 Wall., 123; Hinson e. Lott, 8 Wall., 148; State Tonnage Tax Cases, 12 Wall., 204; State Tax on railway gross receipts, 15 Wall., 284; Inman Steamship Company v. Tinker, 94 U. S., 238; Cook v. Pennsylvania, 97 U. S. 566; Packet Co. v. Keokuk, 95 U. S., 80; People v. Campagnie Général Transatlantique, 107 U. S., 59; Turner v. Maryland, 107 U. S., 38; Brown et al. . Houston, Collector, et al., 114 U. S., 622; Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S., 517; Turpin v. Burgess, 117 U. S., 504; Pittsburg & Southern Coal Co. v. Bates, 156 U. S., 577; Pittsburg & Southern Coal Co. v Louisiana, 156 U. S., 590; Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S., 58; Patapsco Guano-Co. v. North Carolina, 171 U. S., 345; May & Co. v. New Orleans, 178 U. S., 496; Dooley v. United States, 183 U. S., 151; Cornell v. Coyne, 192 U. S., 418; American Steel & Wire Co. v. Speed, 192 U. S., 500.

3 No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into an Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Green v. Biddle, 8 Wh., 1; Poole et al. . The Lessee of Fleeger et al., 11 Pet., 185; Cooley v. Board of Wardens of Port of Philadelphia et al., 12 How., 299; Peete v. Morgan, 19 Wall., 581; Cannon v. New Orleans, 20 Wall., 577; Inman Steamship Company . Tinker, 94 U. S., 238; Transportation Co. v. Wheeling, 99 U. S., 273; Packett Co. v. St. Louis, 100 U. S., 423; Packet Co. v. Keokuk, 95 U. S., 80; Vicksburg . Tobin, 100 U. S., 430; Packet Co. v. Catlettsburg, 105 U. S., 559; Wiggins Ferry Co. v. East St. Louis, 107 U. S., 365; Transportation Company . Parkersburg, 107 U. S., 691; Presser v. Illinois, 116 U. S., 252; Morgan . Louisiana, 118 U. S., 455; Huse . Glover, 119 U. S., 543; Ouachita Packet Co. v. Aiken, 121 U. S., 444; Indiana . Kentucky, 136 U. S., 479; Virginia. Tennessee, 148 U. S., 503; Wharton v. Wise, 153 U. S., 155; St. Louis & San Francisco Railway Co. v. James, 161 U. S., 545.

ARTICLE. II.

SECTION. 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:

Field . Clark, 143 U. S., 649.

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

Chisholm, ex., v. Georgia, 2 Dall., 419; Leitensdorfer et al. v. Webb, 20 How., 176; Ex parte Siebold, 100 U. S., 271; In re Green, 134 U. S., 377; McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U. S., 1. ["The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two-thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by ballot the Vice-President."] This clause has been superseded by the twelfth amendment, p. 39.

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The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. In re Green, 134 U. S., 377.

'No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have

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