boundaries are not static but vary seasonally and secularly. Changes continually occur between Stateowned (submerged) and private lands. Evaluation of data on the composite resource-areas map will show where various human activities can be sustained naturally. The composite resource-areas map was compiled at 1:24,000 scale and published at 1:250,000 scale and will be a basic planning document. The Texas Coastal Management Program includes other important projects: A coordinated ground-controlled aerial-photographic survey with color infrared stereoscopic pairs of the Padre Island-Laguna Madre area in south Texas at 1:24,000 scale. Controlled imagery is needed because of changing landforms due to shifting sands. Controlled aerial photographs of the Padre Island-Laguna Madre area processed into orthophotomaps at 1:24,000 scale in a 7.5-min format conforming to USGS quadrangles in the area to allow use of control points after future aerial photographic flights without expensive ground resurveys. New color infrared aerial photographs have been New NASA color-infrared images of the coast. The BEG functions as the State geological survey and focuses on problems concerning natural resources and engineering. Some BEG programs and publications are: Environmental geologic atlases of the Texas coastal zone. A series of detailed reports on individual coastal areas. Includes environmental geology, physical properties, environments and biologic assemblages, land use, mineral and energy resources, active (geologic) processes, manmade features and water systems, rainfall and ground water, and topographic-bathymetric maps. "Natural Hazards of the Texas Coastal Zone." -Explains the natural hazards to life and property that result from such occurrences as hurricanes, floods, shoreline erosion, land-surface subsidence, and active surface faulting. Geological Circular 75-4.-Analysis of the historical changes in the Texas coastline. Describe the cartographic procedures used. deal directly with the agency concerned if they know what they need and where it can be found. However, NCIC assists those who need help to determine what is available and where it is located. NCIC is headquartered at Reston, Virginia, and has six regional offices around the country. National Cartographic Information Center MS 507 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6045 National Cartographic Information Center Eastern Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 536 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6336 National Cartographic Information Center Mid-Continent Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey 1400 Independence Road Rolla, Missouri 65401 Telephone: 314-364-3680 x107 National Cartographic Information Center Rocky Mountain Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey Stop 510, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: 303-234-2326 National Cartographic Information Center Western Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: 415-323-8111 x2427 National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey National Space Technology Laboratories Building 1100 NSTL Station, Mississippi 39529 Telephone: 601-688-3544 National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 Some States established affiliated offices that operate as extensions of the NCIC system. Arizona Arizona Department of Revenue Arizona Resources Information System Room 302 1624 West Adams Street Phoenix, Arizona 85007 Telephone: 602-271-4061 Georgia Geologic and Water Resources Division Department of Natural Resources 19 Martin Luther King Drive Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Telephone: 404-656-3214 Minnesota Minnesota State Planning Agency Environmental Planning Division 15 Capitol Square 550 Cedar Street Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101 Telephone: 612-296-2613 New Mexico Technology Application Center University of New Mexico 2500 Central Avenue, SE. Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 Telephone: 505-277-3622 South Carolina South Carolina Land Resources Conservation Commission Suite 222 2221 Devine Street Columbia, South Carolina 29205 Telephone: 803-758-7197 x41 Texas Texas Natural Resources Information System P.O. Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711 Telephone: 512-475-3321 West Virginia West Virginia Cartographic Center West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 National Geodetic Survey Information Center The National Geodetic Survey, an office of NOS, is responsible for establishing and maintaining the Nation's horizontal and vertical control networks. Control survey data are available to the public from the National Geodetic Survey Information Center. In addition to information about NGS control, NGSIC receives input from a number of Federal agencies, including USGS, and from some State agencies. Eventually, NGSIC will be able to provide information on control surveys established by a greater number of agencies. For assistance in obtaining control survey data, contact: National Geodetic Survey Information Center, C18 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Telephone: 301-443-8631 Environmental Data Service The resources of NOAA's Environmental Data Service are essential to environment-related coastal programs. They comprise baseline knowledge needed to plan, design, build, operate, and monitor the environmental effect of offshore energy facilities, such as drilling rigs, supertanker ports, and floating nuclear powerplants; to provide a standard by which to measure pollution and its impact upon the coastal environment; and to assess the natural state of the coastal environment for planning and management. EDS works with Federal, State, and local agencies to determine coastal environmental data and information needs and develops the necessary data to meet those needs. In addition, EDS provides experiment-design and data-management expertise plus referral to data and information holdings not in its own files. Finally, to meet NOAA's obligations under the Deepwater Ports Act of 1974, EDS evaluates and prepares recommendations regarding DWP license applications, related environmental impact statements, and adjacent coastal States statutes as specified in the Act. For assistance in obtaining these data, contact: Director, Environmental Data Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3300 Whitehaven Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20235 Telephone: 202-634-7318 EROS Data Center The EROS Data Center, near Sioux Falls, S. Dak., is operated by the Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Program of the Department of the Interior, and is managed by the Geological Survey's Land Information and Analysis Office. It provides access to imagery from Landsat, Skylab, USGS aerial photographs, NASA aircraft data, and other remote sensing products and training and assistance in the use of these data. EDC currently stores approximately 5.5 million master reproducibles that can be copied and sold to users. For assistance in selecting imagery or to place an order, contact: User Services Unit EROS Data Center U.S. Geological Survey Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 Telephone: 605-594-6511 In addition to EDC, a network of EROS and NCIC affiliated offices has been established. They have microfilm copies of imagery held at EDC and provide assistance in determining what data are available and in ordering desired data. These offices include the NCIC offices previously listed and the EROS Applications Assistance Facility MAJOR FEDERAL MAPPING AND CHARTING PROGRAMS The two major mapping and charting programs in the United States that influence the coastal zone are administered by USGS and NOS. U.S. Geological Survey The U.S. Geological Survey, as the primary civilian producer of maps, publishes several series of topographic maps of the United States as part of the Department of the Interior National Mapping Program. Other Federal agencies that sometimes prepare topographic maps in connection with their regular activities are the Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center (DMATC), NOS, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), U.S. Forest Service (USFS), and Mississippi River Commission (MRC). The principal USGS map series and their characteristics are given in table 1. In addition to the maps listed, USGS produces a number of others such as the National Park series (at various scales) that covers national parks, monuments, and historic sites. Many of the maps are available in shaded-relief editions on which the topography is TABLE 1.-Principal U.S. Geological Survey map series 1 cm Geographic Series Scale represents (km) coverage 1 inch represents made to appear three-dimensional by shadow effects. State base maps at scales of 1:500,000 (1 cm represents 5 km) and 1:1,000,000 are available for all States except Alaska and Hawaii, which are covered by maps at other scales. Byproducts of State base maps are State hydrologic unit maps that show regions and subregions used by the Water Resources Division to plan detailed studies of water and related land resources. They also show accounting units used for managing the national water data system. For some States, topographic and shadedrelief editions are also available. Maps of the United States are available in sizes and scales ranging from letter size (1:16,500,000 scale) to a two-sheet wall map (1:2,500,000 scale). A new 50-State map is the first detailed USGS map of the United States that shows Alaska and Hawaii in their proper size and position relative to the other 48 States. Topographic maps of special format are produced for many principal rivers and their flood plains. Topographic-bathymetric maps are also being produced, and research is being conducted in wetlands mapping. In addition, land use overlays are being prepared for the Geography Program of the USGS Land Information and Analysis Office. The products mentioned in this section do not define the limits of USGS mapping functions. USGS is receptive to the needs of map users and is prepared to undertake new programs and special projects, including cooperative mapping programs, when they are needed. Detailed information on USGS mapping programs can be obtained from the following sources: Alaska and Texas Branch of Plans and Production Rocky Mountain Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey Stop 510, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: 303-234-3739 Atlantic Coast States, Alabama, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands Branch of Plans and Production Eastern Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 559 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6393 Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, and Wisconsin Branch of Plans and Production Mid-Continent Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey 1400 Independence Road Rolla, Missouri 65401 Telephone: 314-364-3680 Pacific Coast States, Hawaii, American Samoa, and Guam Branch of Plans and Production Western Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: 415-323-2411 Entire coastal zone Office of Plans and Program Development MS 514 National Center National Cartographic Information Center MS 507 National Center The Geological Survey has a revision program designed to update its standard products. Emphasis is given to the 7.5-min topographic series because, besides being the primary series, it is also used to update other products. Each year a number of quadrangle maps are revised, based on periodic review in several categories. Maps in urban areas are normally reviewed for revision every 5 years; those in agricultural areas, every 10 years; in remote areas, every 20 years. Not all maps are revised on review; approximately 50 percent of those reviewed warrent the expense of revision. Maps of urbanized portions of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) defined by the Bureau of the Census are maintained on a 5-yr cycle. At the request of the Federal Aviation Administration, quadrangle maps within 10 nmi of 600 selected airports are revised on a 5-yr cycle. Other categories considered for review (not necessarily in the order listed) are: There are some exceptions to the normal review. For example, a cooperative mapping program may call for review of an area on a shorter cycle. Such areas usually receive priority consideration. The Geological Survey is increasing emphasis on production and revision of maps in the coastal zone to provide users with accurate and up-to-date maps for the entire zone. There are approximately 3,600 7.5-min quadrangle areas in the coastal zone of the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The number includes shoreline quadrangles plus adjacent inland quadrangles. Of these, about 700 need new mapping and 2,000 need revision. Quick-response products, such as orthophotoquads and interim revisions, will be provided for many coastal areas. Research projects have played an important role in the USGS mapping program. For example, the Water Resources and Topographic Divisions cooperated in mapping the wetlands on the Doboy Sound, Ga., 7.5-min quadrangle. Spectral signatures of vegetation groupings were interpreted from color infrared photographs. Orthophotoquads (1:10,000 scale, 2.5'x3.75' format) were used as bases for the wetlands compilation. The experiment showed that remote sensing coupled with field investigation can be used to delineate the defined wetlands. Two additional USGS projects dealing with mapping and environmental assessments of wetlands are under way. National Ocean Survey The National Ocean Survey publishes nautical charts of the waters of the United States and its territories. Charts of the coastal zone are available, but not always at a scale suitable for all coastal management functions. Nautical charts are produced in various sizes and formats, with differing degrees of detail. The charts are produced by the Marine Chart Division from basic hydrographic, oceanographic, and topographic surveys conducted by other NOS components. The Coastal Mapping and Oceanographic Divisions retain such data as aerial photographs, large-scale maps, tide and current data, and sea water temperatures, which are of considerable value in coastal affairs. In addition to presenting data from NOS operations, nautical charts are the principal means for disseminating navigation data provided by other agencies. For example, the full benefit of aids to navigation-improved channels and harbors, traf fic separation schemes, and navigation regulationscan be realized only by bringing together all the information on the charts in a form that is easily understood and readily usable by mariners. The large single-sheet flat charts usually averaging 33x42 in (84x107 cm) are called "conventional charts." This distinguishes them from the more compact, folded, small-craft charts which vary in size, but are generally smaller than 8x19 in (20x48 cm) when folded. Chart maintenance is a vital part of charting responsibility. Shoaling or dredging in channels, changes in both visual and electronic aids to navigation, and natural and manmade changes to the shoreline and alongshore structures necessitate frequent revision to provide navigators with up-todate information. Revision of a chart is based on new aerial photographs, field-generated data, or a combination of both, and is usually limited to specific areas on the chart where sufficient change has occurred to warrant updating. For economic reasons, an area is completely remapped only when the scope of the change so dictates or when new formats, larger scale products, or special-purpose charts are required. The charts are revised on various maintenance schedules: 2-3 years for more active areas and 4-12 years for less active areas. A few, such as charts of New York and Baltimore Harbors, are revised and printed on a 6-month schedule. For further information on nautical charts, contact: Chief, Marine Chart Division National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Telephone: 301-443-8741 In cooperation with USGS, NOS publishes a series of maps as primary planning bases to help State and local communities and Federal agencies optimize use of the coastal zone. Under this program, NOS provides information seaward of the shoreline, and USGS provides the landward details. The maps include the following series: a 1:10,000-scale series that depicts mean high water, mean low water, or mean lower low water tidal datum lines which are boundary base lines for the United States and its possessions; an enhanced 1:24,000-scale series in the same format as the USGS standard 7.5-min quadrangle series; a new 1:100,000-scale series of particular value to States and regional commissions; and a 1:250,000-scale |