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ing visual efficiency for productivity. We would estimate that if the 300,000 industrial plants in the country are to get the kind of help that a few plants are now getting, it would require at least 4,800 additional optometrists to do that one job alone. On the basis of estimates, it would look as though the saving to the Nation could be in the order of $4 billion if what we know today about visual efficiency, as it relates to industrial production, were applied to all plants as it is to certain individual plants.

I am sure that the members of the committee will agree that one of the things to which we need to give serious consideration is the matter of highway safety. When we think back to the visual demands or skills that were necessary to drive "old Dobbin" down a country road at about 5 miles an hour and compare them with the visual performance skills that are necessary to drive an automobile at 70 miles on our freeways, we realize they are two completely different things. Clearness of vision is only one of the visual factors needed. We must have a full field of vision. We must have good depth perception. We need adequate glare recovery. We have got to have adequate color vision and a number of other factors that enable the driver to perform the 90 percent of the judgments that he makes behind the wheel of a car visually.

And incidentally, as our population ages, we have an increasing need for vision service. Studies reveal that 80 percent of the drivers over 60 years of age have visual problems that can make them risks on the highway.

Now, all of the things that might be done, for this population of 191 million people must be performed by only 17,000 practicing optometrists, or one optometrist for every 11,279 persons, as your chairman has indicated. Now, this is a wholly inadequate ratio to do what ought to be done.

I am leaving with you not only these books but the pamphlets that are appended here. They clearly point out the need for increasing the number of people that must be available to service all of the vision needs of the country.

Incidentally, in the war on poverty, we are talking about retraining older people. Certainly, from the viewpoint of an interested citizen, that would seem to be a very important thing to do. But, I wonder how successful we are going to be in retraining these people unless they have adequate visual performance. They are going to have to be able to not only see clearly but to see effectively in order to study and do that sort of thing. I suspect that if we are going to solve this problem of poverty, we are going to have to begin at the preschool level and prevent it by seeing that these people, these boys and girls coming up, are physically, visually, and mentally able to compete in the educational system. If we do, I am sure that ultimately we can. stamp out the need for retraining the older citizen.

Optometry is interested and has made contributions to the care of the near-blind through special devices such as telescopic and microscopic lens systems. It is the philosophy of the profession that these boys and girls should be kept in a normal school environment as long as it is possible to keep them there, as long as they can compete, in order that they will not be set aside as special individuals unable to compete in the normal world when they get through.

So, let me conclude this way. Medical and dental students today have thousands of dollars of loan money available to them for every dollar that is available to an optometry student. We as a profession have to compete for the same group of people.

Yesterday, in the newspapers, there was a story telling about the fact that below the upper 20 percent in intelligence in our high school graduates there is a very large group of youngsters who don't have the opportunity to go to college at all for financial reasons. We, as a profession, would like to have some of these very bright but financially disabled young people that live in every State of this Union. Many of them would take the risk if they were sure that behind them was the opportunity to borrow money to complete their education. I feel very definitely, gentlemen, that a failure to amend this law will result in a reduction in the number of students who will study optometry in the years to come. Any handicap in recruitment means that ultimately there are going to be fewer optometrists to do all of the things I have indicated to you in a brief way. Optometrists are uniquely prepared to perform in the interest of the visual health and efficiency of the American people.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Thank you very much, Dr. Ewalt.
Congressman Schenck?

Mr. SCHENCK. Yes. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
First I would like to make an observation off the record.
(Discussion off the record.)

Mr. SCHENCK. Now, on the record, I would like to commend Dr. Chapman, Dr. Ewalt, and these other gentlemen for coming here and calling our attention to this very necessary amendment, it appears to me, to the Public Health Service Act.

I am wondering, Dr. Ewalt, if you have statistics showing that eye exercises, which I assume are a definite part of your profession, are really producing helpful results.

Dr. EWALT. Yes, sir. We can very well supply-I do not have them off the top of my head, but we can very easily do that. I would just like to point out the fact that the chairman of this committee in his earlier experience in the military dealt with one part of visual training, as I understand it, recognition-did you not? RecognitionMr. ROGERS of Florida. That was Congressman Roberts, actually, who is the subcommittee chairman.

Dr. EWALT. I see.

Mr. ROGERS of Florida. That is correct. Roberts.

Dr. EWALT. And I was interested to see that the President's family has found it important to do this kind of thing, in the interests of the welfare of their own children. I saw a news story here this past week. But statistically we can give you the information.

Mr. SCHENCK. Well, that is fine, and I think it would be valuable to know that these exercises are helpful in a great many instances. In the instance of a member of the President's family, now becoming employed, it would appear that they are helping in the unemployment situation.

On the question of highway safety, in which I have been very deeply interested for a long time, and as very much of an amateur photographer, I know that certain types of filters added to the lens on the

camera will permit making photographs through fog, haze, and so on. I am wondering if there is any advantage to a similar type of filter such as the yellow lens or some other color in helping highway drivers to see through fog or whether or not that cuts down vision and is therefore wrong.

Dr. EWALT. There is a committee on night visibility that is working on those kinds of problems. The approach has been made through different colored lights at intersections, and so forth, in handling the fog situation, and in using different colors in the pavement of the highway itself. And all kinds of filters are being experimented with on the basis which you have suggested and the work is not yet completed.

Mr. SCHENCK. Such as clip-on glasses, you mean.

Dr. EWALT. That is right. Numbers of things. A great deal of work is being done in the field.

Mr. SCHENCK. Well, our committee has been very deeply interested in this entire matter of highway traffic safety as well as health matters, and I have often wondered whether or not these filters actually cut down vision or whether they help vision.

Dr. EwALT. Well, I think we ought to say for the record that most of the filters developed cut down vision and are not to be recommended. The only reason I said most is because they are still experimenting with certain types of lenses but we do not have the final answer. The School of Optometry at Indiana University is doing a great deal of work in this field.

Mr. SCHENCK. Thank you very much, and thank you for your testimony.

Dr. CHAPMAN. I want to make a suggestion, and it might not be practical, but I suspect that many of the questions which some members of the committee have are going to be rather thoroughly amplified in subsequent statements we make, and I wonder if we could make those in brevity and then have each of you record your questions and record the whole group because we have several experts, Congressman Schenck, in what you just mentioned, here in the room and could later give you a more definite answer.

Mr. ROGERS of Florida. The committee would be glad to do that, and thank you very much, Dr. Ewalt, for your testimony.

STATEMENT OF DR. GORDON HEATH, O.D., PRESIDENT, ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES OF OPTOMETRY

Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Dr. Heath, president of the Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry. The committee will be glad to hear you now, Dr. Heath.

Dr. HEATH. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee.

I do not wish to presume on the valuable time of this committee. I have submitted a more complete statement. I would like here just to summarize a few of the most important points of that.

Mr. ROGERS of Florida. That will be fine. Without objection, your full statement will be made a part of the record at this point.

(Dr. Heath's statement in full follows:)

STATEMENT OF GORDON HEATH, O.D.

Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I am Dr. Gordon G. Heath, professor of optometry, of the division of optometry, and chairman of the graduate school committee for physiological optics, at Indiana University.

I am presently serving as president of the Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry, an organization composed of all the optometric educational institutions of the United States and Canada. It is on behalf of the 10 accredited U.S. schools of optometry that I submit this statement in support of H.R. 8546 to provide Federal loans for optometry students. I am appending a table of the accredited schools and colleges of optometry in the United States, their deans, and year organized to this statement, and would like you to have these copies of each school's catalog which I have brought with me.

The number of our institutions is small, but their collective responsibility to the public and to the profession is large, indeed. The Nation relies on these 10 schools to provide the professional education and training of the practitioners who will provide over 70 percent of the vision care received by the American people. To meet this important obligation the schools have continuously advanced their educational programs to provide solid backgrounds in the basic sciences pertinent to optometry, and to incorporate the many recent developments in the field of vision care. I want to outline some of the facts about optometric education, about optometry students, and about optometry schools and some of the problems confronting them which have a direct bearing on their accomplishment of this mission. These facts, I believe, will demonstrate the importance of this proposed legislation.

Today's optometrist is very well trained. Tomorrow's will be even better trained. A major change is now taking place in optometric education. Recent advances in the field of optometry have been so numerous and extensive that the regulation 5 years of college level training has been stretched to its limit in order to incorporate these advances. Four of the ten schools have already added an additional year, and others will follow their example.

To become a licensed optometrist today it is necessary to pass a rigorous State board examination in the State or States where one wishes to practice. Such examinations are open only to graduates of the 10 schools of optometry, which currently are accredited by the American Optometric Association's Council on Optometric Education, the official accrediting agency recognized by the National Commission on Accrediting.

Graduation from one of these schools requires a minimum of at least 5 years study beyond high school. This includes 2 years of preoptometric education which may be taken at any accredited junior college or university, followed by at least 3 or, in some cases, 4 years of professional study in an optometry school. The 4 years of preoptometric education must include mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology, plus English, history, and other liberal arts courses.

Over half of the students now enrolled in optometry schools had completed more than 2 years of college, and nearly one-third had earned bachelor's degrees before entering optometry school. The specific courses in the 3- or 4-year optometric program vary among the optometric institutions, but the general study program is very similar in all schools. Subjects typically include geometric, physical, physiological, mechanical, and opththalmic optics; general and ocular anatomy; general and ocular physiology; general and ocular pathology; physiology; bacteriology; theoretical and clinical optometry; orthoptics; and visual training, and industrial and occupational vision. It requires careful preparation and planinng for a student to complete the program in 5 years.

One of the schools, Pennsylvania State College of Optometry, has since 1955 required completion of a 6-year program (2 years preoptometry, 4 years professional study) for graduation. Another, Ohio State University, has just this year adopted a similar requirement. Two other schools offer an optional sixth year. and it is expected that they and the remaining 5-year schools will soon adopt a mandatory 6-year program. As a result of modern vision research and advances in optometric techniques, too much information had to be crammed into a 3-year curriculum, imposing an unfair and unreasonable burden on students and faculty alike.

A study, now being conducted by the Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry, of the actual number of hours of instruction at each institution re

veals that some of the schools actually provide more hours of instruction in a 3-year professional program than would be required in a normal 4-year college program. An average load for a full-time student at most colleges and universities is 15 credit hours per semester. In optometry schools the load has, in some cases, reached or even exceeded the classtime equivalent of 21 credit hours per semester.

So, a change to a 4-year course will add relatively little to the content of the curriculum, but it will redistribute its subject matter into courses of more appropriate and reasonable lengths and weight.

It costs an average of $2,200 per year to train an optometry student. This figure is not markedly different from what it takes to educate a student in any discipline requiring laboratory instruction. If it is less than the instructional cost in some fields, the reason lies in forced economies and restricted funds, especially among the schools not affiliated with State universities. Lower per student instructional cost does not, in general, signify greater efficiency in providing comparable training. Instead, it usually indicates lower salary scales for faculty and staff, larger classes, less laboratory equipment, and less construction and maintenance of facilities.

As costs rise and enrollments grow, it becomes imperative that optometry schools receive State and Federal support to aid in the necessary construction, extension, and rehabilitation of facilities if the schools are to continue to provide adequate training for the Nation's total supply of future optometric practitioners.

Now, what does it cost to train an optometry student?

Before giving you actual figures, let me point out that since we have fewer schools in the optometric field than there are in dentistry or medicine, chances are that many optometry students will have a nonresident status, which in itself results in higher tuition fees. In addition, the optometry student will have higher travel costs, since he must come to the school from a greater distance than most medical or dental students who live in closer proximity to the schools of their choice. These two factors, greater nonresidency, greater travel distances, must be kept in mind as we compare tuition fees between a particular school of optometry and a school of dentistry. For example, at the Ohio State School of Optometry as many as 25 percent of optometry students are out-ofStaters.

Let's look at some comparative figures. As an example, I have chosen the optometry, medical, and dental schools at Ohio State University. Ohio State's School of Optometry is just starting on an expanded program, a 4-year instead of a 3-year program.

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Books and equipment (excluding cost of microscope, which runs between

$400 and $600).

Room and board..

690

1, 140

150

1,000

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