apartment,1 and lavatories; in the basement, shower baths, soup kitchen and luncheon-rooms, workrooms for wood-working and for nietal-working, and the steam-heating apparatus; in the court, kindergarten, playground, and school kitchen garden. In some of the other buildings are, further, rooms for punishment of the children, for medical examination, for nature-study, and others.

The German Gymnasium has long been considered a model for classical schools; but the modern tendency to regard the nonclassical school, with its more practical preparation and the greater opportunity for selection of a career offered to its students, as less one-sided, and quite as educational is slowly but surely making headway in Germany as well as elsewhere. The tendency toward modernization of education is, however, even more noticeable in the elementary schools. Workshops for manual training are provided in almost every new school building erected. In Strassburg the boys are trained for special trades instead of being prepared, as is usual, for general work with opportunity of choosing a particular trade later. Worms makes manual training compulsory for the boys, as she does domestic science for the girls. Education is compulsory in Germany between the years of six and fourteen. Further instruction is given evenings and Sundays, usually two to six hours each week, to those who wish to continue their studies after having left the schools to go to work. Attendance is in some states compulsory, as, for example, in Saxony where the boys must attend for three years, and the girls for two years. The aim is “a broader, general education of the pupils, and particularly a forearming with that knowledge and preparation which is necessary for civic life." These schools are organically connected with the public schools, and the instruction usually consists of repetition or continuation of the work in the primary schools. Some schools, however, offer, besides this instruction, classes intended. "to give the pupil the necessary knowledge and preparation for his trade." Dresden has such classes in two divisions: those who draw, as locksmiths, blacksmiths, mechanics, joiners, carpenters, masons, decorators, china painters, architects, and lithographers; 1 The janitor usually lives in the school building.

and those who do not use drawing, as salesmen, clerks, waiters, etc. Cottbus exhibited work and apparatus of its class for shoemakers. The anatomy of the foot is made a special study, and as aids thereto plaster casts and X-ray photographs are used to show distortions caused by improperly made shoes. Berlin has classes for tailors, bookbinders, weavers, carpenters, and builders, among others. Besides these municipal institutions, associations and guilds often establish continuation schools for instruction in their particular trades. Some municipalities, as Aachen, Dresden, and München, have trade schools which are more thorough than the continuation schools. Dresden has day classes, and evening and Sunday classes. The former are for those who wish to continue their studies and at the same time to obtain the technical knowledge and preparation necessary for their chosen calling. They are arranged into three divisions. The first-bakers, butchers, waiters, and cooks—have two semesters of thirty-four hours a week. The masons, carpenters, joiners, and tinners have three semesters of thirty-six hours a week. The locksmiths, mechanics, machinists, and electricians have thirty-seven hours a week for two semesters. The tuition is 36 marks per semester, but for worthy pupils there are whole or partial scholarships. The evening and Sunday classes offer opportunities to apprentices, employees, and employers for the instruction necessary for the pursuit of their various trades along the most modern lines. The classes meet evenings from 7:30 to 9:30 o'clock, and Sundays from 7 to 8:30 A. M. and from II to 2 P. M., for from eight to sixteen hours a week. The tuition is 4.50-15 marks. Commercial schools were poorly represented, being exhibited by Hannover and Hildesheim only; but such schools are more often private than public, being usually conducted by merchants' associations. Schools of engineering were exhibited by Barmen, Breslau, Dortmund, Duisburg, Erfurt, Hildesheim, and Münster; and a school of textile industries by Cottbus. Mittweida exhibited examples of machinery and apparatus from her Technikum. A factory is run in connection with the technical school for the sake of teaching technology and of giving practical experience at the same time. The students work beside skilled workmen. Some factories

are unwilling to take students, others charge for the instruction they may furnish, and at best the student must devote himself to some special form of work, thereby missing one of the greatest advantages of the Mittweida factory, viz., a general view of the field of mechanical engineering. Barmen, Charlottenburg, Erfurt, and Strassburg exhibited drawings of their schools of decorative arts. It is doubtless along the lines of work here embraced that social æsthetics is to find its way toward progress.

Schools of cooking and of domestic science are for the girls what manual-training schools are for the boys. Among the municipalities which arrange for cooking schools are Augsburg, Barmen, Berlin, Breslau, Cöln, Mainz, München, Nürnberg, and Worms. Crimmitschau has a special building devoted to domestic science. Chenmitz and Plauen have separate buildings for their cooking schools. In Worms and Crimmitschau domestic science is required as a part of the regular public-school work. Breslau, Leipzig, Königsberg, and Strassburg exhibited needlework done in the girls' schools. Dresden, also, has courses in cooking and domestic science introduced by the Gemeinnütziger Verein, which have proved to be so satisfactory that all new school buildings are to be equipped for similar instruction. There are further, in Dresden, continuation schools for grls, connected with eight public schools. They offer instruction in housewifely arts and preparation for business callings. The courses are literature, cooking, domestic science, hygiene, principles of education, French, English, bookkeeping, stenography, history of art, gymnastics, singing, sewing, and typewriting. There are also "conversational evenings for girls," in which instruction is given in housekeepng, principles of education, kindergarten methods, sewing, and English.

Aids in teaching are furnished by the school museums, school libraries, and school gardens. Excursions for the study of geography, geology, and botany form an integral part of the educational system. The school museum is intended to supplement the work of the excursion. Exhibits of school museums were made by München, Hildesheim, Hannover, Dresden, and Breslau, the last three being particularly noteworthy. The school gardens are

sometimes in the school yard, as in Hannover, München, and Leipzig; and sometimes in connection with parks or playgrounds, as in Freiburg and Breslau. In the latter city each boy has a patch which he plants with seeds furnished by the authorities; the necessary tools are also furnished when the pupil cannot afford to buy them. The flowers, vegetables, etc., belong to the pupils raising them. In a larger field all work together. The work is done during free hours under the direction of a botany teacher, who instructs the pupils during their work. Erfurt gives the pupils potted plants in the spring which are to be cared for at home and brought back in the autumn, when prizes for the best ones are distributed.

School hygiene.— Organized medical inspection is to be found in many schools. Children found to be ill, especially with infectious diseases, are sent home for treatment, and are readmitted only upon being pronounced well by the school physician. If the parents do not attend to the medical treatment, they become liable to the penalty prescribed by the truancy laws. Examination of new pupils upon entering the schools shows that the following were of sound health: Dresden, 49.5 per cent.; Leipzig, 58.5 per cent.; Berlin, 44 per cent.; Wiesbaden, 36 per cent. They had affections varying from lung trouble and anæmia to weak-mindedness and stuttering. Dresden exhibited a map of the city showing that in the center only 22 per cent. of the school children are bodily sound, as against 72 per cent. in outlying districts. The physical examinations and measurements of 57,000 Dresden school children show that the poorer children in the Bezirk schools are smaller than the more well-to-do Bürger children; and also the more backward children, those who "fail to pass," are, on the whole, physically less well developed. The school physicians not only have oversight over the health and physical well-being of the pupils, but are also expected to give advice to the authorities upon such questions as heating, ventilation, cleaning, and lighting of the schoolrooms. Dresden had an interesting exhibit of apparatus for testing the amount of light in various parts of the room, the amount of moisture in the air, and the purity of the air after a class has been in the room for one

hour, and two hours. A great deal of attention is paid to the question of dust in the schoolroom. Worms exhibited its regulations for the daily cleaning of all class-rooms. Many experiments are being made with dust-proof oil for the floors, which holds the dust and prevents its rising into the air.2 The choice of school desks and seats has its hygienic bearing in ministering to the comfort of the child and permitting thorough cleaning of the floor. Seats of various sizes are provided for children of different growth in the same classes. The seats often have foot-boards to keep the feet out of the draft, to allow of a circulation of air and consequent drying of the shoes when damp, and to let the dust from the shoes fall to the floor where it remains undisturbed. The most modern desks can be tipped onto their sides to permit a thorough cleaning of the floor. The recognized effect of bad teeth upon digestion, and consequently upon the general health, has led the authorities in Darmstadt and Strassburg to introduce dental examination and treatment into the schools. It is said by those who have made the examinations that 95 per cent. of the children in Strassburg have unsound teeth, and that 6,000 out of 6,500 school children in Darmstadt have caries. The examination is free and compulsory. The children's teeth may be treated by the family dentist or at the school. Free treatment is offered to those who cannot afford to pay. The work begins with the entering class of six-year-old children; but, if opportunity be offered, it will be extended gradually to the higher classes. The children are also instructed in the care of the teeth, and in the advantages of such care.

The value of the morning luncheon and of the noon meal is coming to be recognized. Many of the very poor children enter the schoolroom absolutely hungry. The school must be held responsible for the health of the body as well as for the training of the mind. Simple luncheons of soup, or sometimes soup and meat, are provided by the school soup kitchen in Breslau, Mannheim, Bielefeld and München in all their new school buildings, Augsburg, and Nürnberg. Shower baths exist in all the newer school buildings in Augsburg, Barmen, Bielefeld, Breslau, Cöln,

"The women teachers object, however, for it ruins their clothes.