later were given such supplies that a large number of them were able to colonize in 52 deserted villages and resume their normal occupations. A complete child-health programme was also inaugurated and some 10,000 children were started on the right course.

In Czecho-Slovakia the work for the year included a medical survey of 50,000 children; enrollment of 165,000 children into a Junior Red Cross, mobilization of 72,000 children into a health crusade; the distribution of large quantities of medical supplies and clothing and the establishment of the first two of 21 medical centres for child-health work.

In Montenegro the work of the Red Cross was devoted to assisting the war orphans of that country. The work was delayed by the necessity of caring for 18,000 Russian refugees who drifted in, but in spite of this the child-feeding kitchens served during the year a total of over 3,000,000 meals, while the health centres supervised and aided 20,000 children with medical supplies and surgical treatment.

In Serbia, another of the Jugo-Slav countries, relief work was thoroughly established among the 90,000 war-orphans, a large percentage of whom are suffering from tuberculosis and other diseases brought about by the low standard of living resulting from the war.

The work in Roumania was entirely among the children and consisted of financial assistance given to Roumanian organizations, both from the regular relief funds and the Junior Red Cross.

In Western Russia and the Baltic states childhealth centres were opened by the American Red Cross during the year to the number of 132, and 13,000 children were treated monthly during the last two months of the year. When the programme is complete, medical supervision will be maintained over 450,000 children. In addition to medical care, 31,000 children were furnished clothing, an epidemic of dysentery was overcome in Latvia, and a still more threatening epidemic of typhus was destroyed in Lithuania. In the four Baltic states, 240 hospitals were also assisted. Although the American Red Cross had liquidated most of its relief operations of France in 1920, during the past year it continued to help the children in the devastated regions and made several gifts of cash to carry on the work being done among the maimed soldiers.

In Belgium there was considerable distribution of supplies and general aid in the rehabilitation work being done. During the spring of 1921 all the remaining supplies of the American Red Cross in that country were distributed to hospitals, schools and other institutions, especially those caring for the children.

In Albania the American Red Cross, in several cities, established child-health stations so that in the month of June, 4200 children received medical assistance. Heroic work was also done during the earthquake disasters, lasting from Dec. 18, 1920, for nearly a week. In addition to what was done for the Albanians, the Red Cross fed 1000 refugees daily for a period of nine months.

In China, the Red Cross spent $1,200,000 for the relief of the famine sufferers and it has been estimated that more than 600,000 people were thus saved from starvation. The method of relief employed by the movement was particularly effective for, in addition to saving thousands of

lives it gave China more than 900 miles of permanent roads that are sorely needed to prevent a recurrence of famine.

JUNIOR RED CROSS. This movement had for its programme for the year the "training for citizenship through service." This new phase of Junior work sought to make available to the schools, public, parochial, and private, the several services of the American Red Cross as a means of opening to the teachers and school authorities a wide range of projects designed to link up the schools and the local Red Cross Chapter. With a broad range of philanthropic activities for the unfortunate children at home, and educational relief projects for destitute children in thirteen foreign lands, it served to enlighten the minds, to nurture the good will, to improve the health, and to increase the happiness of thousands of children. More than 237,000 destitute or needy children in European countries were benefited by the relief work of the Junior American Red Cross during 1921. The National Children's Fund raised by the School children, was drawn on for $420,557.50 for this work. Last year $1,107,662.36 was received and $638,396.24 expended.

REED COLLEGE. A co-educational institution of the higher learning at Portland, Ore.; founded in 1911. The enrollment for the fall of 1921 was 300. The faculty numbered 29. The library contained 20,965 volumes. A CommonsUnion building was completed during the year. Changes were made in the requirements for admission, and the curriculum of freshman and sophomore years was reorganized. President, Richard Frederick Scholz.

REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Under the leadership of Bishop David Cummins of Kentucky, a number of members of the Protestant Episcopal Church, who separated from the mother church because of its ritualistic practice, founded this denomination in New York in 1873. With the exception mentioned its doctrines are similar to those of the Protestant Episcopal Church and the Church of England. Also it has close connections with the Liturgical Free Churches of England. Meetings are held every three years. There was a convention in 1921, when there were reported to be 74 churches, and 11,050 communicants, a slight decrease from the figures of 1918. Church property was valued at $1,702,187. Sunday school members numbered more than 9000. Seventeen missionaries carry on the missionary work of the Board of Home Missions among the needy churches and negroes of the south. Extensive foreign missionary work is conducted in India by 6 missionaries and 20 native helpers. There are 8 missionary stations. Educational activities of the denomination consist of a theological seminary in Philadelphia and 17 primary schools. It maintains two hospitals where 45,000 persons are treated annually, and an orphanage with about 50 inmates. The church publishing house is in Philadelphia, which issues The Episcopal Recorder, said to be the oldest church periodical in the United States.

REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES. Seven denominational churches form the Council of the Reformed Churches in America, following in general the Presbyterian principles. The Council was organized in 1906 and includes the following: The Reformed Church in America, the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America,

the Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Reformed Church in the United States, the United Presbyterian Church, the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Synod, and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Colored. The function of the Council is to act in the nature of a unifying and coöperative agency for the Reformed Presbyterian Churches. It meets biennially and between these meetings the business is intrusted to the Executive Committee consisting of the officers and committee chairmen. A meeting was held in Philadelphia March 15, when the constitution of the Presbyterian Reformed Church in America to effect a federal union of the bodies comprising the Council, was presented and in substance approved. It was urged at this meeting that steps be taken to have the United Assembly take the place of the present Council of Reformed Churches to avoid duplication of work. Statistics for 1921 for reformed Presbyterian churches were as follows: Reformed Church in America, 144,929 communicants; 757 church buildings; Reformed Church in the United States, 344,374 communicants, 1719 church buildings; Christian Reformed Church, 38,668 communicants, 233 church buildings; Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America, General Synod, 2386 communicants, 15 church buildings; Synod of Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America, 8185 communicants, 102 church buildings; and the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, 15,124 communicants, 130 church buildings. See also PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, AND CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.

REFUSE DISPOSAL. See GARBAGE. REHABILITATION OF DISABLED SOLDIERS. See EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. REINACH, JOSEPH. French publicist, one of the leading supporters of Dreyfus, died in Paris, April 18. He was born in Paris, Sept. 30, 1856; studied at a lycée and in the law faculty of the University of Paris; and was admitted to the bar in 1877. He was private secretary to Gambetta from 1881 to 1882. He had already written largely for the press, and in 1886 he went again into newspaper work, becoming part owner of a Union-Republican paper. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a Liberal-Republican in 1889, and again in 1893. He vigorously attacked the authorities for the introduction of secret documents in the Dreyfus trial of 1894; denounced the forgeries of the witnesses against Dreyfus; and was a fearless champion of the movement for revision. His writings pertaining to the Dreyfus affairs are voluminous, including a collection of pamphlets republished in 1898-99; a further account in 1900; and a six-volume history of the Dreyfus affair in 1901-04. Finally on this subject he published in 1905, Les nouvelles catilinaires (1905). A pamphlet on the teaching of history which originally appeared in the Siècle, caused his expulsion from his captaincy in the territorial army as a gross offense against discipline, and the withdrawal of his decoration of the Legion of Honor. His other publications include studies on the Near East; a history of the Gambetta ministry; a volume of literary and historical studies; various articles against Boulanger; and collections of articles on military subjects; also Mes comptes rendus (1911); and La Réforme Electorale (1912).

REINDEER. See ALASKA.

RELATIVITY. See ASTRONOMY. RELIEF FOR WAR VICTIMS. With conditions in many of the countries improving, the most important development of the year was the Russian famine relief work undertaken by the American Relief Administration, the International Relief Conference of Geneva, of which Dr. Nansen was in charge, the American Friends Service Committee, and the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Heretofore three of these organizations had been working in Russia: Dr. Nansen in Siberia repatriating war prisoners, the Joint Distribution Committee in the Ukraine working among the refugees, and the Friends Service Committee in Moscow distributing soap, milk, and fats among the school children. But the excessive drought with its ensuing grain shortage caused a change or enlargement of policy. Reports of investigations showed the famine to be due to destruction through drought rather than to discouraged production under the Bolshevik régime. Approximately 80 per cent of the grain crop of the Volga district, the principal grain-growing territory of Europe, was destroyed. Consequently the problem has not been that of feeding the city dwellers alone, but of feeding the food producersthe farmers as well. Ex-Governor James P. Goodrich of Indiana and Dr. Vernon Kellogg who had gone to Russia at the request of Mr. Hoover, found conditions in the Volga district so terrible that on their return to the United States they laid before the President and Congress a report on Russian conditions and urged that a government appropriation of $20,000,000 be made for the purchase of corn and seed grains for relief. A bill making such an appropriation was passed and signed by the President, December 23, who designated the American Relief Administration as the agency for the distribution of these commodities. The purchase of the grain was placed in the hands of a commission composed of Herbert Hoover, James P. Goodrich, Edward M. Flesh, Edgar Rickard, and Don Livingston. Five days after the President signed the relief bill the first cargo of corn purchased under the Congressional appropriation was ready for shipment from the United States.

AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION. On July 23, Herbert Hoover as chairman of the American Relief Administration replied to the appeal of Maxim Gorki for aid for the famine sufferers in Russia. On August 20 an agreement between the American Relief Administration and the Soviet government was signed at Riga and sup plies and personnel were immediately sent to Russia. Under this agreement all relief supplies furnished by the A. R. A. were to be distributed by its agents without interference of any kind from the Soviet government and all Americans detained in Russia were to be immediately released. Colonel William N. Haskell, formerly Allied High Commissioner in the Near East, was appointed Director of the American Relief Administration in Russia; headquarters were established in Moscow; and food stations were rapidly opened in Petrograd and Moscow and in the provinces of Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan, Ufa, Orenburg, and Astrakhan. By the end of the year the American Relief Administration_was feeding approximately 1,000,000 children in Russia and the number was rapidly increasing.

On October 19, an agreement was completed

with the Soviet government whereby individuals outside of Russia were enabled to purchase from the American Relief Administration food remittances in values of $10 or multiples thereof for the benefit of their relatives or friends in Russia. Food packages corresponding to the amount of the remittances were delivered to the consignees from the A. R. A. warehouses in Russia. Thirtythree days after the food remittance agreement was signed in Moscow the first packages were delivered to Russian beneficiaries and by the middle of December over $280,000 worth of remittances had been sold and deliveries were being made to all parts of European Russia. At the close of the year the sales were rapidly mounting. On December 30 an agreement was signed in London by Walter Lyman Brown, representing the A. R. A., and Leonid Krassin, representing Soviet Russia, whereby the Soviet government allocated the sum of $10,200,000 in gold for the purchase of American food and seed grains by the A. R. A. for famine relief. With this allocation the American Relief Administration had available for Russian relief at the end of 1921 supplies and money to a total of approximately $40,200,000, which included the $20,000,000 Congressional appropriation, $10,000,000 representing the balance of A. R. A. funds for child feeding, and $10,200,000 from the Soviet government. With these funds the Russian feeding programme of the A. R. A. was increased to 2,000,000 children and 500,000 adults with plans for further increases to 3,000,000 children and 5,000,000 adults as rapidly as transport conditions in Russia would permit.

The audited accounts of the A. R. A. for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, showed the following items under the heading "total relief applied":

child feeding missions from Czecho-Slovakia and Lithuania and reduce considerably operations in other countries, so that at the end of the year less than a million children were being fed outside of Russia.

The headquarters of the American Relief Administration are at 42 Broadway, New York City. THE NEAR EAST RELIEF. The Near East Relief, incorporated by act of congress in 1919, was working in 1921 among the people of Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Russian Transcaucasia; a region that is equal in extent to the whole area covered by the European childfeeding programme. The organization was caring for over 100,000 children, the majority in orphanages, the others in soup kitchens and clinics. Owing to the recent fighting and destruction in the Caucasus and Western Turkey fully as many more children at the close of the year were in desperate need, but the organization could not give them shelter because of insufficient funds, and so the death wagon gathered them up as it made its daily rounds. While all the money of the Near East Relief does not go for orphan work, it is the chief emphasis everywhere; and in Syria, Palestine, and Transcaucasia at present it is practically the only activity.

The following brief financial statement, from July 1, 1920, to June 30, 1921, was the last official summary after all accounts for the year had been audited:

5,104,102.71 13,897.79 71,260.61

3,256,983.89

3,600,598.81

3,554.26 25,000.00

. $13,031,616.16

During the winter of 1920-21 the American Relief Administration provided relief for over 3,500,000 children in Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia, Finland, Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and in Germany, the latter through the agency of the American Friends Service Committee. In addition, it furnished funds for the relief of Russian refugees, clothing and supplies for the Serbian Child Welfare Association and the American Women's Hospitals in Siberia, food supplies to the American Red Cross toward the support of children in Montenegro, and aid to the Comité d'Assistance toward the support of children in the devastated regions of France. During the summer of 1921 conditions in Europe improved to such an extent that by the harvest of that year the A. R. A. was able to withdraw its

tire population of the Armenian Republic was saved on the brink of starvation. Great pestilences have been stamped out. Over a million people live now who would have to-day been dead. But the question that now faced the Near East Relief and its contributors at home and abroad was, what to do in the future with these rescued people. They had as yet no means of caring for themselves and until they could, or until other agencies could be found to carry on the work, it seemed that the Near East was in duty bound to continue the work which had been so well begun. The offices of the organization are at 151 Fifth Avenue, New York. The officers are: James L. Barton, chairman; Charles V. Vickery, secretary; and Cleveland H. Dodge, treasurer.

JEWISH RELIEF WORK has been carried on since 1914 by American Jews through the Joint Distribution Committee. This is a disbursing and directing committee organized to spend most advantageously the funds collected by three Jewish relief committees: The American Jewish Relief Committee; the Central Relief Committee; and the People's Relief Committee. While many other organizations were seeing their obligations decrease and were able to diminish their support the Joint Distribution Committee expected to require $14,000,000 for its work in 1922, which is an increase of about a million dollars over the expenditures for 1920. The committee estimated that $5,000,000 alone were needed each year for the next five years to properly carry on the work of providing for the orphaned children. Child care, economic reconstruction, and medical relief among Jewish sufferers, together with the care of refugees, were the committee's chief concern. The refugee problem was one of the most difficult, not only because of the large numbers of people who were homeless, but also because in the wake of this problem came great political disturbances and the physical manifestation of anti-semitism in its worst form. The committee's field of operation has included not only Europe and Asia-Minor but has extended on occasion to Abyssinia and Siberia. Probably the chief beneficiaries, arranged in the order of their importance, have been Poland, Palestine, Russia, and the Ukraine, and those lands formerly composing Austria-Hungary. Wherever it has been possible for Joint Distribution Committee and the American Relief Administration to coöperate they have done so. The offices of the Joint Distribution Committee are at 20 Exchange Place, New York. Dr. Boris D. Bogen is the director-general.

OTHER FUNDS. The American Committee for Devastated France, 16 East 39th Street, which began its work of social reconstitution and agricultural restoration in 1918 was continuing for the present its operations, which were chiefly in the Department of the Aisne, but expected to be able in 1922 to inaugurate a programme of liquidation. The Committee has a record of achievement that would seem to justify the belief that "when the American Committee finally withdraws it will leave behind it in the four cantons a stronger race than can be found elsewhere in the devastated regions." The amount of land under cultivation in this district was 90 per cent of the prewar acreage and despite the summer's prolonged drouth which ruined the sugar, beet, and potato crops, the total harvest was more than 70 per cent of the normal. The Committee's Nursing department

had 27 nurses and covered 106 villages and the large towns of Rheims and Soissons; it also maintains a hospital at Blérancourt. "Foyers," or centres for community life, have been built in 20 different towns, libraries have been established and over 4000 boys and girls were receiving physical training. The work abroad was in charge of Mrs. A. M. Dike. The receipts for the year ending March 31, 1921, totaled $563,625.55; a decrease of $240,675.40 on the receipts for the previous year.

The Argonne Association, which has offices at 140 West 58th St. and whose secretary is Dr. Royal Storrs Haynes, supports and educates 200 French orphans. In its own words it is: "a permanent memorial to the Americans who fought in France; an organization for the care of French war-orphans in families; a method for making self-supporting citizens of dependent children; an American demonstration of an efficient and economical plan for the care of dependent children anywhere."

The American Central Committee for Russian Relief was organized and incorporated in 1919 by a group of the friends of Russia, including the civilian members of the Russian Mission of Senator Elihu Root and prominent Russians and Americans, for the purpose of aiding the Russians who were victims of the Bolshevik tyranny, but political developments soon made it impossible to send relief to anti-Bolshevik Russians who were in the Soviet territory, hence all efforts were concentrated on the aid of the exiles scattered along the Russian frontiers. According to the Princess Cantacuzene, chairman of the board of directors, there were in 1921 at least one million Russian refugees who had been driven outside of Russia by the Bolsheviki, and the American Central Committee for Russian Relief was about the only society in this particular field of charitable work. The refugees were widely scattered and as yet the committee had not ascertained the numbers in France, England, Spain, Italy, and Austria, but in Scandinavia, Poland, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Constantinople and the Balkan states and China there were about one million. The situation in Constantinople was especially bad as there were about 75,000 refugees living there in shacks, hovels, tents, cellars, and barracks with little or no means of livelihood to be found. During the two years of its activity the committee sent abroad for relief $187,005.66 and 432 cases of food, clothing, and drugs. The amount sent abroad for the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1921. equaled $128,829.66; the total receipts for the year were $189,391.55. The committee was cooperating in every possible way with the American and Russian Red Cross Societies, with the Near East Relief and with other similar organizations so that there might be no overlapping of efforts. The headquarters of the committee are at 532 Seventeenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., Mr. Alex. Kaznakoff is the acting secretary. See RED CROSS.

RELIGION. AMERICAN.

RELIGIOUS

See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND

See ar

DENOMINATIONS. ticles on the respective denominations. RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. A non-sectarian institution for technical training at Troy, N. Y.; founded in 1824. The enrollment for the fall of 1921 was 1112 students divided into