the lower chamber or national council, consisting of 164 members and elected by direct vote for three years. The president of the republic in 1921 was Dr. Antonio Jose de Almeida. The ministry as constituted, March 2, 1921, was as follows: Premier and Minister of the Interior, Dr. Bernardino Machado; Foreign Affairs, Domingos Pereira; Finance, Antonio Maria Silva; Justice, Lopes Cardoso; War, Alvaro Castro; Marine, Fernando Brederode; Colonies, Paiva Gomes; Commerce, Antonio da Fonseca; Education, Julio Martins; Labor, Domingues dos Santos; Agriculture, S. Durao.

HISTORY

MINISTERIAL CRISES. On February 18 in consequence of insurgent movements among the military and professional classes, the Pinto ministry resigned, and a new ministry was appointed under Bernardino Machado, February 24. (See above.) This government was overthrown in turn, May 23, and was succeeded by a new ministry under Thomé Barros Queiroz, Prime Minister and Minister of Finance. The election of July gave the Queiroz Ministry sixtyfive seats in parliament where its financial measures of reform had the support of fifty-seven Democrats. These assured it a large majority, but the Prime Minister's own party, the Liberals, revolted from him, and they were followed by others. The result was the overthrow of his government. He was succeeded as prime minister by Senhor Antonio Granjo, August 30, who formed a coalition ministry which was regarded as merely temporary.

ASSASSINATION OF THE PRIME MINISTER. On the occasion of a revolutionary outbreak on October 20, Senhor Antonio Granjo and several other officials were killed in a rising of the military party. According to press dispatches the Portuguese troops remained faithful to the government, marched at once on Lisbon, and put down the insurrection. A new government was elected and one of its first acts was to declare the country under a state of siege for a period of fifteen days. The inhabitants of Lisbon were forbidden to appear in the streets after nine o'clock in the evening and soldiers patroled the city and disarmed the citizens. Another decree of the new government was to order the release of the men implicated in the plot which had resulted in the assassination of President Sidonio Paes in December, 1918. According to the press accounts the premiership passed to Cunha Leal, December 15. The new Prime Minister had entered politics only three years before and was barely thirty years of age, having served in the army in Africa and Flanders and attained the rank of captain of the Engineer Corps. He showed firmness and courage on the occasion of his installation when, on being threatened by the revolutionists, he declared that nothing would frighten him from assuming office. He declared the purpose of his ministry was to maintain order and reorganize the administration. First of all the financial situation, which was serious owing to Portugal's failure to increase taxation during the war, must be remedied and measures must be taken to control the high cost of living. In the following week two persons were killed and five others wounded at the capital through an explosion of bombs in process of manu

facture, in a building that belonged to the General Confederation of Labor, and several arrests were made, December 29.

BOLSHEVISM. Such news as could be had from Portugal in November was alarming, but owing to disturbed conditions could not be verified. The items published indicated a wave of Bolshevism throughout the country. Down to that time disturbances had usually resulted from the rivalry between the political groups, but according to reports in November they were now the result of the Bolshevist movement. The radicals were said to be in control of the great cities, and numerous bomb-throwings and other acts of violence were reported, especially in the province of Alemtejo. At Lisbon an attempt on the American consulate was reported, and it was also said that a Portuguese gunboat had been prevented with difficulty from torpedoing some Spanish ships. In certain British newspapers the possibility of intervention in order to repress Bolshevism was suggested.

PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA or MOZAMBIQUE. A Portuguese colony on the east coast of Africa with an area of 428,532 square miles; and an estimated population of 3,000,000¡ natives, 10,500 whites, and 1100 Asiatics and half-castes. It comprises three parts: (1) The province of Mozambique (295,000 square miles); (2) The territory under the Mozambique Company (59,840) square miles; (3) The district under the Nyassa Company (73,292 square miles). In addition to these the right of Portugal to a region south of Rovuma, known as the "Kionga Triangle," was acknowledged at the Peace Conference; and the territory was allotted to her, Sept. 23, 1919. It had been a part of German East Africa. The capital of Portuguese East Africa is Lourenço Marques, the chief port; population in 1912, 13,154, of whom 4691 were Europeans. The other principal ports are Mozambique and Beira. The chief products are: Cocoanuts, sugar, beeswax, and minerals. Imports in 1918, 23,017,816 escudos; exports, 8,124,069; reëxports, 23,392,700; transit, 30,357.031.

PORTUGUESE GUINEA. A Portuguese colony on the west coast of Africa, including the archipelago of Bijagaz along with the island of Bolama. Capital, Bolama. Area, 13,940 square miles; population, estimated at 289,000. The principal port is Bissau. In 1919 the imports amounted to 4,661,404 escudos and the exports, to 4,327,272 escudos.

PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE. See PHILOLOGY, MODERN.

POSSART, ERNEST VON. German actor and play producer, died, April 8. He was born at Berlin in 1841: and appeared in his youth as an actor at Breslau, Berne, and Hamburg; entered the Munich Court Theatre in 1864; and became its director in 1875. Two years later he was made director of the Bavarian Royal Theatre. He toured in the United States, Germany, Russia, and Holland from 1887 to 1892; and afterwards directed the Bavarian Hof-theatre from 1895 to 1905. He opened the Prince Regent's Theatre in 1901. Among his most noted rôles were: Nathan Gessler, Mephisto, Iago, and Shylock. He edited German versions of several of Shakespeare's plays; and wrote a few plays and works pertaining to the stage.

POST, JAMES D. See NECROLOGY.

POST OFFICE. See UNITED STATES. POTASH. According to the United States Geological Survey 57 companies, operating 66 plants, produced 166,834 short tons of crude potash material in this country in 1920. This material contained an average of 28.8 per cent or 48,077 short tons of potash (K2O), which was equivalent to about 19 per cent of the average annual consumption of the country for the five years immediately preceding the World War, this average consumption being estimated at about 250,000 short tons. Nine kinds of raw material were utilized. The production in 1920 did not equal that of 1918 by about 5700 tons of potash, but it exceeded that of any other year and it was almost 50 per cent larger than that of 1919. The sales for the year amounted to 139,963 tons of crude material, containing 41,444 short tons of potash (K2O), valued at $7,463,026, an average price of $1.80 a unit. The stocks reported on hand at the end of the year were 32,378 short tons of crude material, containing 8999 short tons of potash.

In 1920 there were imported and entered for consumption in the United States 918,698 short tons of potash salts, containing 197,795 short tons of potash (K2O), to be used largely as fertilizer, and 63,563 short tons of manufactured potash salts, containing 26,997 short tons of potash, a total of 982,261 short tons of potash material, containing 224,792 short tons of potash (K2O), valued at $43,389,783. For the five years prior to 1913 the United States imported annually from Germany an average of about 250,000 short tons of potash (K2O).

The discovery of potash in samples of salts were received at the United States Geological Survey from new wells bored for oil at two additional localities in western Texas extended the area in which small amounts of potash salts were known to occur some 30 miles north and 50 miles east of the area of previous discoveries. See FERTI

LIZERS.

POTASSIUM.

See CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL. POTATO DISEASES. See BOTANY. POTATOES. The world's potato production in prewar times ranged from 5 to 6 billion bushels. An approximate estimate by the International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, placed the world's yield in 1921 at 41⁄2 billion bushels. According to estimates by the same authority Germany in 1921 produced 985,247,000 bu., Poland, 567,091,000 bu., Czecho-Slovakia, 136,430,000 bu., Canada, 110,895,000 bu., Spain, 102,225,000 bu., Belgium, 93,366,000 bu., and the Netherlands, 84,768,000 bu. The total yield of 20 reporting countries was placed at 2,174,844,000 bu., or 101⁄2 per cent below their aggregate yield in 1920.

The present status of the world's production is indicated by the average yields of the leading producing countries for the five years 1909-13, which were approximately as follows: Germany, 1,500,000,000 bu., the former Russian empire, 1,300,000,000 bu., Austria-Hungary, 600,000,000 bu., France, 490,000,000 bu., and the United States, 357,000,000 bu. The average acre yields for the 5-year period 1910-15 were 222.8 bu. for the United Kingdom, 205.7 bu. for Germany, 145.6 bu. for Austria, 122.2 bu. for Hungary, 116.3 bu. for France, 107.9 bu. for European Russia, and 97.6 bu. for the United States.

Estimates published by the Department of

Agriculture placed the potato production of the United States in 1921 at 346,823,000 bu. as against 403,296,000 bu., in 1920 and 322,867,000 bu., in 1919. The area in potatoes was given as 3,815,000 acres or 158,000 acres more than in the preceding year. The average yield per acre was 90.9 bu., while in 1920 it was 110.3 bu. The average farm value on Dec. 1, 1920, was 111.1 cts. per bushel, making the total farm value of the crop $385,192,000 or $76,586,000 less than the corresponding value in 1920 and $129,663,000 less than that in 1919. Prices were at the lowest level about the time new potatoes appeared upon the markets, but as soon as it was realized that the 1921 crop would be short prices rose. ing May an unusually wide difference existed between the prices of old and new potatoes, the new stock selling for approximately 4 times the price of the old.

Dur

The United States grades for grading market potatoes had been established at the close of the year in 14 States, and it was estimated that officially about 30 per cent and unofficially 30 to 45 per cent more of the quantities marketed are graded according to these grades. The past year was the first these grades were in use and it was reported that they proved generally satisfactory to both grower and shipper. The growing of certified seed potatoes was extended in a number of States and in Canada during the year. This work was fostered by a committee in charge of seed potato certification appointed by the Potato Association of America. The largest consuming centres of the United States are New York and Chicago, which use annually about 19,000 and 12,000 carloads, respectively.

The following publications relating to potato culture were issued during the year: How to Grow an Acre of Potatoes, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 1195; Potato Production in the South, U. S. Department_of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin No. 1205; The Potato Leaf Hopper and its Control, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 1225.

POTTER, PAUL Meredith. Playwright, died in New York City, March 7. He was born at Brighton, England, June 31, 1853; and passed many years as a newspaper man, serving as foreign editor, London correspondent, and dramatic critic of the New York Herald down to 1887; and joined the editorial staff of the Chicago Trib une in 1888. He wrote The City Directory, produced in 1889, which was followed by a long series of successful plays, produced both in this country and abroad, in which many leading actors of the time appeared. The list is too long for reproduction here, but includes among the most popular productions: Our Country Cousins (1893); The Pacific Mail, written for Crane (1894); The Victoria Cross, written for Sothern (1894); Trilby (1895); Under Two Flags (1901); The School Girl (1904); Nancy Stair (1905); The Honor of the Family (1907); The Girl from Rector's (1909). He was American representative_at the Congress of Dramatic Art at the Paris Exposition in 1900.

POTTERY PRODUCTS. According to the Geological Survey the value of the pottery produced in the United States in 1920 was about $105,700,000, an increase of 39 per cent over the value in 1919. The increase in 1920 over 1918 was

65 per cent. As compared with the value in 1910 the value of the pottery marketed in the United States in 1920 increased 213 per cent, and as compared with that in 1900 it increased 434 per cent. Every kind of pottery classified by the Geological Survey increased in value except red and brown white-lined cooking ware and chemical porcelain, neither of which is produced in large quantities, for in 1920 they together amounted to less than 1 per cent of the total value. Whiteware, valued at $39,360,000, showed the largest increase, $9,660,000; sanitary ware, valued at $21,480,000, increased $7,000,000; porcelain electrical supplies, valued at $18,560,000, increased $6,370,000; china, valued at $11,060,000, increased $3,435,000. Stoneware, the fifth product in importance, was valued at $6,025,000, and increased $1,240,000. If chemical stoneware is added, the value of stoneware was over $7,000,000, and the increase was $1,595,000. Whiteware and china, which comprise the general household wares and which constituted 48 per cent of all pottery products, were valued at $50,420,000, an increase of $13,095,000. If to this sum is added the value of sanitary ware and porcelain electrical supplies, their value would be $90,460,000 or 86 per cent of the total value, an increase of $26,465,000 over the value in 1919.

The imports of pottery for consumption in the United States in 1920 were valued at $10,850,772, an increase of 50 per cent as compared with those in 1919. Some of this increase was due no doubt to the increase in the selling price of the ware, but the bulk of imports also increased very considerably in 1920. Ninety-six per cent of the value of imports was that of the general ware, of which 93 per cent was decorated. Every variety of pottery classified by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce increased in value but two-tobacco smoking pipes and earthenware and crockery not decorated. Decorated china showed the largest increase in value$2,129,689 and decorated earthenware the next largest-$1,329,745. Notwithstanding the great home demand for pottery, the exports of earthen and stoneware, china, and sanitary ware (valued at $2,837,469) increased $601,823 in 1920 compared with 1919 and reached their highest value.

tory. In 1855 he became a conductor there and from 1860-63 he was first violin at the Opera Comique. He became a frequent contributor to all the leading French musical periodicals as well as a well-known writer on music for the journals. His work in biography was also well known.

POWER. One of the most important matters under consideration in the United States, and the same was more or less true for Europe and the other continents, was the taking thought to develop such natural resources as would make available economical, convenient, and efficient power as required in industry. In its larger aspect this matter had received the attention of the United States Geological Survey and in Part II of a "World Atlas of Commercial Geography" prepared by its engineers and other experts, is contained a careful study with maps which show the altitude of the land, the annual precipitation, the location and extent of the water powers, along with statistics of estimates of water power already developed and the capacity of water wheels installed.

This is done for the entire world as discussed somewhat later, but in the United States the problem has been handled with more detail, not only involving the extension and development of water-power resources, but also the interconnection and systematic relation of other sources of power, taking into consideration the possibility of installing steam central stations at or near coal mines and transmitting the energy there produced as well as establishing more economical measures for power production and distribution.

SUPERPOWER REPORT. The so-called "Superpower Report" made to the United States Geological Survey by a group of engineers headed by W. S. Murray, had as its object a consideration of the "possible economy of fuel, labor, and material resulting from the use in the BostonWashington region of a comprehensive system for generating and distributing electricity to transportation lines and industries." The investigation was made possible by a federal appropriation of $125,000 and $26,000 was contributed by various utilities.

The superpower zone thus studied was between

POUGIN, ARTHUR. French musical and dramatic critic, died in Paris, August 8. He was born in 1834 and studied at the Paris Conserva

the thirty-ninth and forty-fourth parallels of latitude, and extends from the coast approximately 150 miles inland, that is, roughly, the

Atlantic coast from Boston to Washington and inland as far as Harrisburg and Utica. It was of prime industrial importance as within its limits were concentrated one-quarter of the population of the United States and there were operated 315 electric public utilities, 18 steam railroads, and 96,000 industrial plants. In the proposed superpower system the intention was to coördinate and supplement the existing utilities so as to secure to a higher degree the economies incident to their present operation. The first element of the question was to determine the total amount and location of the power load that would be required for private, municipal, industrial, and railroad purposes at a date sufficiently in advance to permit the construction of a system of the highest economy to supply it, and the date selected for such a development was 1930. In the course of this work full consideration was given to and reports made on electric utilities, proposed electrification of heavy traction railroads, nature and cost of the superpower system, steam-electric plants, hydroelectric plants, transmission systems, reliability of service, relation of coal and coal deliveries to the system, use of process fuels, basic costs, and existing stations. Furthermore, the question was taken up on a practical basis so as to secure the greatest return at the earliest possible date in proportion to the capital investment. In this connection the report suggested that the quickest return on the investment in such a superpower system would be obtained by following in chronological sequence an order of procedure as follows: 1. The construction of a steam-electric plant near Pittston, Pa., to supply a part of its energy to the anthracite division of the superpower zone and the remainder to the metropolitan division, particularly New Jersey.

2. The construction of a steam-electric plant near Sunbury, Pa., to supply a part of its energy to the anthracite division, a part to the Reading load centre, and the remainder to Philadelphia.

3. The construction of hydro-electric plants on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers to supplement the steam plants indicated above.

4. The progressive development of the Hudson River projects to meet the growth of energy requirements at the Schenectady, Utica, Poughkeepsie, and Pittsfield load centres.

5. The construction of a steam-electric plant

other parts of the United States, was not particularly rich in hydro-electric power resources and possibilities. Under favorable conditions of development by 1930, about 21 per cent of the total energy requirement could be supplied from water power, that is, about six billion kilowatthours. Inasmuch as some of the best coal deposits in the world were situated near the zone itself, it was deemed desirable in the interests of the fullest economy to join the hydro-electric supply power to the steam electric supply so as to produce a maximum of energy for a minimum investment of capital and a minimum operating expense. This of course would involve locating the steam-electric plants where they would secure the advantage of low freight rates, and especially easy coal-delivery routes and ample condensing water.

Such an arrangement would mean the building of base load steam plants to range from 60,000 to 300,000 kw., in capacity, and turbo-generators of at least 30,000 kw. capacity would be used in every such station. Such plants it was estimated would be able to produce electric energy at 0.99 c. per kilowatt-hour, as compared with 2.12 c., the average cost at a steam station in 1919. The unit investment cost in new power plants for the superpower system would be $118.25 per kilowatt of effective capacity. The unit reproduction cost of the electric utilities in 1919 was $156 per kilowatt.

The Superpower Report estimated the requirement of energy supplied through the electric utilities for municipal, private, industrial, and railroad purposes in 1930 to be 31,000,000,000 kw.-hr., and stated that such an amount of energy could be supplied by a coördinated power system at an annual cost of $239,000,000 less than by the uncoördinated system in use in 1921. The total investment involved in developing such a system of generating and transmission facilities would be in excess of $1,000,000,000, of which $400,000,000 would represent the value of existing facilities. This superpower zone included some 36,000 miles of railroad, measured as single track, and of this there was no question but that about 19,000 miles could be profitably electrified, so as to produce by 1930 an annual saving of $81,000,000 compared with the cost of operation by steam. The capital expenditure necessary to electrify the 19,000 miles would be $570,000,000.