May 12. She was born at Coruña, Sept. 16, 1851; and married Señor D. José Quiroga in 1868. She won a prize at an early age for an essay on an eighteenth century Spanish writer, and after travels in Europe founded a review at Madrid. Her leading novels show the influence of Zola, and deal with the decadence of the aristocracy of Spain. The two that have been most praised are: Los Pazos de Ulloa (1886); and La madre naturaleza, published in 1886 and 1887, respectively. Before that she wrote El cisne de Vilamorta (1885). Besides novels, she wrote essays on realism and naturalism in the modern novels and various other critical works. In 1910 she was appointed a member of the council of public instruction. The list of her writings other than those above mentioned includes the following: Pascual López; Un viaje de vovios; La tribuna; La dama joven; Insolación; Morrina; Una cristiana; La prueba; La piedra angular; essays and critical treatises, San Francisco de Asis; De mi tierra (1888); El Padre Luis Coloma; Pedro Antonio de Alcarcón; La revolución y la novela en Rusia (1887); La questión palpitante (4th ed., 1891), rhetorical essays dealing with realism and naturalism in the modern novel; Polémicas y estudios literarios, a supplement to the matter contained in La question palpitante. The first play that she wrote, Verdad, was published in 1905. Subsequent writings were: Misterio (1911), a novel; Belcebú (1912); Cuentos Trágicos (1913).

PARK, Sir MAITLAND. South African publicist. died at Capetown, March 15. He was editor of the Cape Times and the chief correspondent of the London Times in South Africa. He was born at Cumbernauld in 1862 and educated at the Glasgow high school and University, winning high distinction in the latter. After graduation he went into journalism, first in Scotland and later in India where he became assistant-editor of the Pioneer. He went thence to Capetown where he edited the Cape Times, which he succeeded in bringing to a position of great influence. He played a moderate part in the negotiations between the divergent political elements which preceded the Union, advocating a policy of generosity toward the Dutch. He was a supporter and adviser of both Botha and Smuts during their premierships.

PARK COLLEGE. A non-sectarian institution of the higher learning at Parkville, Mo.; founded in 1875. The enrollment for the fall of 1921 was 427 of whom 115 were in the preparatory department. The faculty numbered 21. The productive funds were $800,000 and the income $43,000. The library contained 27,500 volumes. During the year a new building, Science Hall, was completed. President, F. W. Hawley, D.D.

PARKHURST, FREDERIC HALE. Lawyer and Governor of Maine, died, January 31. He was born at Unity, Maine, Nov. 5, 1864; educated at the public schools of Bangor and studied law at the law school of Columbian University, Washington, D. C. He was admitted to the bar of Maine in 1887, and thereafter practiced law in Bangor. He was several times member of the Maine House of Representatives; chairman of the Republican State Committee from 1912 to 1915; and elected Governor of Maine for the term ending in 1923.

PARKS, NATIONAL. The year ending June 30, 1921, was remarkable for the heavy tourist travel,

surpassing even 1920 which had been the most successful year down to that time. The visitors to the national parks in 1921 numbered 1,007,335 as against 919,504 in 1920. The visitors to the national monuments numbered 164,461 in 1921 as against 138,951 in 1920. An important event of the year was the holding for the first time of the National Conference on State Parks. This met at Des Moines, Iowa, January 10-12, and representatives of more than half the States were present. The purpose of the movement was to preserve places in the various States and maintain them under State control as centres of health, recreation, and education. The meeting pronounced in favor of a policy that should make ample provisions to this end, until eventually there should be public parks within immediate access of all the people of the country, and it recommended: The appointment of a special commission to study the park laws of the several States; that further national, State, county, and municipal forests should be established; that all public parks now or hereafter acquired should be considered as forever dedicated to the people; that constant effort should be made to foster a sentiment favorable to the preservation of wild life; that similar meetings should be held in the future, and in particular that another conference on parks should be held in 1922. As a result of the conference several States, including Washington and Virginia which had no State parks, introduced bills providing for them in their legislatures; Wisconsin set aside a tract of 7800 acres as the Northern Lakes Park; California appropriated $300,000 for the purchase of Redwoods in Humboldt and Mendocino Counties; and New York established Allegheny Park with about 50,000 acres in Cattaraugus County. The Hawaii National Park was formally dedicated, July 9, on the rim of the crater, Halemaumau, with appropriate ceremonies, and addresses from native and visiting officials. The park contains the two great active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mukuaweoweo. New projects proposed during the year in bills presented to Congress favored the establishment of the following national parks: A national park in Utah; Mammoth Cave, Kentucky; Mt. Katahdin, Maine; Mississippi Valley, Iowa and Wisconsin; Mt. Baker, Washington; Battell, Vermont; Killdeer Mountain, North Dakota; Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota. The most important of these seemed to be the proposal in respect to Mammoth Cave which had been long under consideration. The area containing this natural curiosity was still in private hands under the terms of a will, requiring the land to be held in trust until the death of the last named heirs when it was to be sold at public auction in its entirety. There were only two of the heirs surviving in 1921, and they had already reached an advanced age. Proposals for national monuments included: The remarkable tract containing Palm Canyon, California, the largest of the three canyons south of the Village of Palm Spring, Washington, and with native palms growing along the shores of the stream for a distance of ten miles; Castle Gardens, a deep gorge of remarkable scenic interest near Salida, Colo.; Lehman Cave, an extensive cave near Baker, Nev.; Mystic Maze, a small area containing monuments of early Indian or other prehistoric peoples, thirteen miles southwest of

Needles, Calif.; Picture Rocks, a pile of rocks inscribed with Indian designs, fourteen miles west of Tucson, Ariz.; The Valley of the Moon, an area of from 1000 to 1200 square miles, containing sixty-three extinct volcanic craters, many ice-caves, etc., lying between the main line of the Oregon Short Line Railway and the State highway from Hailey to Arco.

While the national parks comprise only onethird of one per cent of the country's area, the complete protection afforded the wild life within their boundaries insures a constant supply. The main difficulty arises when severe winters drive out the animals in search of food in States whose too liberal game laws permit their slaughter, as happened in the case of the Yellowstone elk in 1920. A milder winter did much to restore the herds in the Yellowstone, which during the past few years has been a distributing centre for elks and other animals sent for propagation purposes to many of the States and to Canada. A game patrol was established in Mt. McKinley. The experiment was made of introducing elk in Yosemite Park. Progress was made in the preservation of the great redwoods in northern California, and the measure above mentioned appropriating funds for their purchase, received the hearty support of the people of California.

PASADENA MUSIC AND ART ASSOCIATION. See MUSIC, General News.

PATTEN, C. G. See NECROLOGY.

PAVEMENTS. See ROADS AND PAVEMENTS. PAYNTER, THOMAS H. Former senator from Kentucky, died at Frankfort, Ky., March 8. He was born in Lewis County, Ky., Dec. 9, 1851; studied at Centre College, Kentucky; admitted to the bar in 1872; and afterwards practiced at Frankfort, Ky. He was a member of Congress from 1889 to 1894, after which he was judge of the Kentucky court of appeals until 1906. From 1907 to 1913 he was Senator. In politics he was a Democrat.

PEABODY MUSEUM. Extensive field work was carried on by this institution of Harvard University during 1921. The expedition to middle America, under Dr. H. J. Spinden visited the lesser known ruins in northern Yucatan, and continued the investigations into northern Guatemala. This was planned as a preliminary entrance into a large unexplored area. S. J. Guernsey continued the Museum explorations in northeastern Arizona and was successful in discovering important additional material and data relating to the Basket-makers and Post-Basket-makers, the earliest known occupants of this region. Explorations were carried on in France and Belgium by Dr. Charles Peabody, and much new material was obtained. Two fine examples of house-posts, about sixteen feet high, were collected by Dr. Newcombe from the Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. A large shipment of ethnological material from Southern Cameroon was added to the extensive collection obtained for the Museum by George Schwab, an associate in Anthropology. The Rev. E. Carroll Condict gave the Museum some very interesting specimens which he collected from the Burmese and Southern China, while stationed there as a missionary near Thayetmayo, Burma. The Museum also received numerous gifts of collections and specimens from all parts of the world. Three Museum papers were published during 1921: A Possible Solution of the Number Series on

Pages 51 to 58 of the Dresden Codex, by Carl E. Guthe; Basket-maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona, by S. J. Guernsey and A. V. Kidder; and A Maya Grammar, by Alfred M. Tozzer. Volume three of the Harvard African Studies was expected from the press soon. A report on the Museum Explorations at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, was in course of preparation by Professor Tozzer and Dr. Spinden, to be issued as a Museum Memoir. PEACE AND ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL. See INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND ARBITRATION. PEARLS, ARTIFICIAL. See CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL.

PEARSON, Sir ARTHUR. British journalist and publisher, died as a result of an accident in his home in London, December 9. Several wellknown British periodicals were published by him. He was born near Wells, England, Feb. 24, 1866, and educated at Winchester. In 1888 he was a fellow clerk with Alfred Harmsworth, afterwards Lord Northcliffe, in the office of Tit Bits, published by Sir George Newnes and he and Harmsworth began undertakings on their own account as a result of their experience. These ventures were successful and Pearson founded a series of magazines and newspapers, among others Pearson's Magazine and the Daily Express, finally becoming the proprietor of a chain of newspapers and magazines. Though a successful newspaper proprietor, his publications never attained the great popularity of the Northcliffe papers. Despite the loss of his eyesight, he continued in active work, priding himself on his ability to overcome this defect. He wrote a book on the subject, Victory over Blindness and was president of the National Institution for the Blind.

PECK, HENRY ALLEN. Astronomer and educator, died at Syracuse, N. Y., November 17. In the summer preceding his death he was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University. He was born at Mexico, N. Y., May 4, 1863, graduated at Syracuse University in 1885 and studied in Germany. After teaching in the common schools and in a private school at Williamsport, Pa., he became instructor of astronomy at Syracuse University in 1887. After 1893 he was professor and after 1917 Dean of the College of Liberal Arts. He was a frequent contributor to technical journals and a member of important scientific bodies in his field of work.

PECK, TRACY. University professor, died at Rome, Italy, November 24. At the time of his death he was emeritus professor of Latin at Yale University. He was born at Bristol, Conn., May 24, 1838, graduated at Yale in 1861 and studied at the universities of Berlin and Bonn. After holding a tutorship at Yale he became professor of Latin at Cornell, 1871-80 and from 1882-1908 was professor of Latin at Yale, in the latter year retiring with the status of emeritus professor and after 1909 living in Rome. He was the editor of important college Latin texts and contributed largely to the learned periodicals.

PENANG. One of the Strait Settlements (q. v.). PENNIE, JOHN C. Patent lawyer, died in New York City, December 23. He was born at Albany, N. Y., in 1858, graduated at Union College in 1877 and became an examiner of patents in the United States Patent Office in 1880. He afterwards went into the practice of patent law, first in Washington and then in New York

Frazer, Emory A. Walling, Alexander Simpson, Jr., John W. Kephart, Sylvester B. Sadler, William I. Schaffer.

PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF. A coeducational, non-sectarian institution of the higher learning at Philadelphia, Pa.; founded in 1740. The enrollment for the fall of 1921 was 14,199; for the summer school 1768. The faculty numbered 1006. The library contained 500,000 volumes. The productive funds amounted to $11,526,762 and the income from the invested funds to $603,858. Acting Provost, Josiah H. Pennyman, Ph.D., LL.D.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. A nonsectarian co-educational institution at State College, Pa.; founded in 1859. The enrollment for the fall of 1921 was 3129 of whom 1107 were in the School of Engineering; for the summer session, 1905. The university includes besides the engineering school, schools of liberal arts, agriculture, mining, natural science, and home economics. The College of Liberal Arts had an enrollment of 579. The faculty numbered 301. The library contained 77,500 volumes. The funds available for the expenses of the year amounted to $2,000,000. President, John Martin Thomas, D.D., Ph.D., former president of the Middlebury College, Vermont.

PENOLOGY. In all progressive modern systems attention is concentrated on the reformation of the prisoners, and in the United States the two chief features introduced for this purpose have been the indeterminate sentences and the parole. The former was first practically applied in this country in Michigan at the suggestion of the late Zebulon R. Brockway in 1867, when a law was passed authorizing the release of a prostitute at an earlier date than the expiration of the three-year sentence on assurance of her fitness and intention to lead a better life. This was followed in New York State by the legislation creating the Elmira system which was inspired by the success of English and Irish experiments. There is a wide divergence in the manner of applying the principles of indeterminate sentences, not only from State to State, but even in the same State, where one system may be applicable to the State prison, another to the State reformatory, etc. There have been no complete indeterminate sentences either in the State or under the Federal government applicable to responsible persons convicted of crime; and all indeterminate sentences are sentences which are indeterminate within minimum or maximum limits, the sentences having a definite limitation as to the longest period for which a convicted person may be imprisoned. Parole is the term applied to the period of supervision exercised by the authorities over a prisoner after he has left confinement in accordance with the varying requirements of the law or administration. Parole becomes operative at different periods of a sentence, and there is great variety in the practice of the different States. In some States conditional release may follow the expiration of the minimum sentence; in others, the expiration of one-third or one-half of a sentence; in a few immediately upon entrance into the institution; and in still others, may be granted by the governor. The term of parole varies from six months to one year, but in some States may last until the expiration of the maximum sentence. In view of the confusion resulting from the fact

that each State has had its own methods in respect to minimum sentences and for parole, a useful piece of work was done in 1921 by Mr. E. R. Cass, Secretary of the Prison Association of New York, who studied the methods of each State and summarized present practices. The difficulty of judging the after-careers of prisoners is obvious, and the reports as to the percentage of criminals who have undergone reformation are not based on any uniform and definite criterion, hence, it is impossible to secure exact information in respect to the effect of the American features of the indeterminate sentence and parole on the after-life of prisoners. After an investigation of this subject Mr. Cass made the following recommendation: "To trace the after-careers of prisoners, two methods are suggested: The first is that an intensive study be made in such States as California, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Illinois, and Indiana, of the conduct of former inmates who have been released, from parole custody, for a period of five or ten years. The American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology has long urged that such a study be made, and, at the time of this writing, has hopes that, through a financial pledge from the Carnegie Corporation, it will soon be in a position to undertake the same. In 1912, the New York Prison Association, with the financial aid of the Russell Sage Foundation, expended thousands of dollars in making a study of former Elmira inmates. This study was seriously handicapped by the inability of the investigators to locate many of the released prisoners. Likewise, any similar study will meet with the same difficulties. Therefore, it is my firm belief that we shall never be able to determine, with any reasonable accuracy, the results of the indeterminate sentence and parole until there is established a system whereby every penal institution in this country will be required to file with a central Federal bureau, duplicate copies of the records of its inmates.' A summary of pardon, indeterminate sentence, and parole laws in use in the several States of United States in the year 1921 will be found in the pamphlet by Mr. E. R. Cass above mentioned, entitled, "A Study of Parole Laws and Methods in the United States" which was read at the annual congress of the American Prison Association in Jacksonville, Fla., November 1. His summaries for Federal institutions and those of New York State were as follows:

Federal. Any prisoner confined for a term over one year may be paroled after serving one-third of the term or terms for which he was sentenced. Board of Parole consists of Superintendent of Prisons of Department of Justice, warden of each United States penitentiary and its physician. It establishes rules for procedure, subject to AttorneyGeneral's approval, prisoner may make applica tion for parole. He is under control of the warden of the prison from which paroled until expiration of term minus good time allowance. Is given a limit of residence. United States AttorneyGeneral must approve action of Board before release. Warden may have prisoner_rearrested. Then he appears before Board of Parole and decides action. If reimprisoned then time of parole does not count in sentence. Paroled prisoners must be supplied with clothing, transportation, and $5. A United States prisoner confined in any State reformatory is subject to parole laws of that

State. United States Attorney-General must approve order for parole, however, and prisoner when on parole may return to State he lives in under supervision of marshal of his district. Above all laws is the power of the President to grant pardon or commutation in any case and good time allowance.

New York. Three different types of indeterminate sentence laws are in vogue. Elmira Reformatory receives male offenders between 16 and 30 years of age, convicted for the first time of a felony and for the second time of a misdemeanor. Felons may be detained for the maximum period laid down in the Penal Code for the specific offense, but no minimum is prescribed, and the Board of Managers has full power to release a prisoner at any time it sees fit. The maximum in the case of misdemeanants is three years. As a matter of practice, the Board has established a system of marking which is the principal factor in deciding when a prisoner is eligible for parole. The minimum period qualifying for release is a little over 12 months. The average time at which prisoners are actually paroled is about 14 months. In some instances prisoners are held longer.

The indeterminate sentence, as it applies to those committed to a State prison, is as follows: "A person never before convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment in a state prison, who is convicted in any court in this state of a felony other than murder first or second degree, and sentenced to a state prison, shall be sentenced thereto under an indeterminate sentence, the minimum of which shall not be less than one year, or in case a minimum is fixed by law, not less than such minimum; otherwise, the minimum of such sentence shall not be more than one-half the longest period and the maximum shall not be more than the longest period fixed by law for which the crime is punishable of which the offender is convicted."

At the expiration of the minimum period, less time allowance for good conduct, a prisoner serving an indeterminate sentence may be paroled. The usual practice is to parole prisoners at the expiration of the minimum period. Paroles are decided by the Board of Parole, which consists of two salaried members and the Superintendent of Prisons, ex-officio. There are three parole officers, but the actual supervision of those on parole is conducted by organizations coöperating with the Board of Parole. The parole period is usually one year, except for those whose sentence was commuted, or who were committed for murder, second degree, for which cases the parole period is usually two years. The Parole Board, of course, can keep a prisoner on parole until the expiration of his maximum sentence.

A recent amendment to the law provides that prisoners released after serving a definite sentence, shall be placed in the custody of the Parole Board for the period of time which was deducted from their sentence for good behavior.

The third kind of indeterminate sentence law operating in the State is based upon the law of 1915, which is applicable to all cities of the first class in the State, but has so far only been actually applied to New York City. This relates to persons sentenced to imprisonment in any penitentiary, workhouse, or reformatory in a city of the first class. In the case of the reformatory and penitentiary, every sentence is for an indefinite term,

subject to a maximum of three years, while in the case of the workhouse the sentence may be indeterminate, and, if so, is subject to a maximum of two years. The Parole Commission has absolute discretion to release a prisoner from a reformatory or workhouse at any time after the commencement of the sentence, but it is required to first send to the committing judge notice of the time and place of the meeting at which the case will be disposed of, so as to give him an opportunity to express an opinion or make a suggestion regarding its disposal. In the case of prisoners committed to a penitentiary, the Parole Commission may similarly, at any time, make a recommendation in favor of parole to the committing judge, but his approval in writing is necessary before such recommendation becomes effective. This law, it will be noticed, in some ways more closely approaches a true indeterminate sentence than that in force in most parts of the country. There is no special maximum fixed by the statute or by the court for each offense, but merely the general maximum of two years for all offenses in the case of an inmate of a workhouse, and of three years in the case of an inmate of a reformatory or penitentiary; nor is there any minimum. The Parole Commission can release a prisoner on the day after the sentence is passed, provided that in the case of an inmate of a penitentiary the sanction of the committing judge is obtained. The Parole Committee consists of three salaried members and two ex-officio members, namely, the Commissioner of the Department of Correction and the Commissioner of the Police Department; there is also a paid secretary and a large staff of parole officers. The three paid commissioners are appointed by the mayor of the city and are required by law to give full time service. The parole officers are appointed from a civil service list by the commissioners.

GREAT BRITAIN. According to the report of the Commissioner of Prisons for the year ending March 31, the number of prisoners had increased by 10,000 over the preceding year; sentences to imprisonment had risen from 34,000 to 42,000; persons imprisoned as debtors or on civil processes, from 2800 to 5200; and male prisoners increased by eight per cent while female prisoners decreased by twenty-two per cent. The results were considered extremely satisfactory in view of the unemployment and industrial unrest. The decrease since the period before the war was remarkable as shown in the following table: