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AUXILIARY COMBAT CRAFT, REPLACEMENTS

"26. (a) Cruisers seventeen years of age from date of completion may be replaced by new construction. The keels for such new construction shall not be laid until the tonnage it is intended to replace is fifteen years of age from date of completion.

"(b) Destroyers and flotilla leaders twelve years of age from date of completion may be replaced by new construction. The keels of such new construction shall not be laid until the tonnage it is intended to replace is eleven years of age from date of completion.

"(c) Submarines twelve years of age from date of completion may be replaced by new submarine construction, but the keels of such new construction shall not be laid until the tonnage which the new tonnage is to replace is eleven years of age from date of completion.

"(d) Airplane carriers twenty years of age from date of completion may be replaced by new airplane carrier construction, but the keels of such new construction shall not be laid until the tonnage which it is to replace is seventeen years of age from date of completion.

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(e) No surface vessels carrying guns of calibre greater than eight inches shall be laid down as replacement tonnage for auxiliary combatant surface craft.

"(f) The same rules for determining tonnage of suxiliary combatant craft shall apply to the ships of each of the powers party to this agreement. "(g) The scrapping of ships replaced by new construction shall be undertaken not later than the date of completion of the new construction and shall be completed within three months of the date of completion of the new construction, or, if the completion of new tonnage is delayed, then within four years of the laying of the keels of such new construction.

"(h) Each of the powers party to this agreement agrees to inform all the other parties to this agreement concerning:

"(1) The names or numbers of the ships to be replaced by new construction.

(2) The date of authorization of replacement tonnage.

"(3) The dates of laying the keels of replacement tonnage.

"(4) The displacement tonnage of each new ship to be laid down.

"(5) The actual date of completion of each new ship.

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(6) The fact and date of the scrapping of ships replaced.

(i) No fabricated parts of auxiliary combatant craft, including parts of hulls, engines, and ordnance, will be constructed previous to the date of authorization of replacement tonnage. A list of such parts will be furnished all powers party to this agreement.

"(j) In case of the loss or accidental destruction of ships of this class they may be replaced by new construction in combatant vessels of any class in such a manner that they later may become combatant vessels in another navy. They bind themselves further not to acquire combatant vessels from any foreign source.

"29. No capital ship tonnage nor auxiliary combatant craft tonnage for foreign account shall be constructed within the jurisdiction of any one of the powers party to this agreement during the term of this agreement.

MERCHANT MARINE

"30. As the importance of the merchant marine is in inverse ratio to the size of naval armaments, regulations must be provided to govern its conversion features for war purposes."

The Conference was still in session on December 31. No decision had yet been reached in regard to the limiting tonnage for submarines. Great Britain asked that they be banned as a weapon of warfare. Secretary Hughes suggested the total tonnage of Great Britain and the United States to be 60,000 while the approximate present status quo be the limits for France, Japan, and Italy. The French were obdurate in demanding about 90,000 tons, so the subject was temporarily dropped. However, the first part of the Root resolutions had been acceded to. This provides that submarines must proceed like surface cruisers when operating against noncombatant craft. The submarine must not attack until surrender has been demanded and refused; and the vessel must not be destroyed until the crew and passengers have been placed in safety. The refusal of France to accept the limiting proposals for submarine tonnage has prevented a limit being set on anti-submarine craft-destroyers, submarinechasers, etc.

As regards light cruisers and other auxiliary combatant craft, the limit of size is fixed at 10,000 tons and the calibre of guns carried by them at 8 inches. The maximum tonnage for an air-craft carrier is set at 27,000 tons. Great Britain and the United States are allowed a total tonnage of 135,000; Japan, 81,000; France and Italy, each 60,000.

NAVIES IN 1921

ARGENTINA. No vessel of any importance was added to the Argentine fleet in 1921. The main strength of the fighting force consists of the two battleships Rivadavia and Moreno of 28,450 tons, carrying 12 12-inch guns, built in the United States, and launched in 1911.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. The navy of the former dual monarchy has been divided amongst the Allies. The 12 battleships will all be demolished: also the 2 armored cruisers. Of the 9 light cruisers

the Helgoland and Saida of 3500 tons and 27 knots will be embodied in the Italian navy and a sister ship, the Novara, in the navy of France. Seven destroyers will be added to the Italian flotilla, 1 to that of France, and 1 to the Greek. The remainder have been assigned to Italy and France for demolition. Eleven torpedo boats now form part of the new navy of Jugo-Slavia, 7 are added to the Greek navy, 7 to that of Roumania, and 6 to that of Portugal. The others, assigned to various powers, will be demolished; and a similar fate is assigned to the miscellaneous naval craft.

BELGIUM. It is said that the Belgian government proposes to build and maintain a small force of destroyers and submarines for the defense of the coast. No definite programme has been announced but four small war craft-type unknown-have recently been ordered in France.

BRAZIL. In 1906, the Brazilian government authorized the construction abroad of three battleships of the dreadnaught type. One was launched in 1908 and one in 1909. The third, delayed for financial reasons, was sold to Turkey while on the ways and renamed the Sultan Osman. Not being ready for service when the Great War broke out, she was commandeered by the British government, completed, and named the Agincourt. She has now been sold to the Brazilian government and it is understood that her name will be the Rio Janeiro. Her displacement is 27,500 tons: speed, 22.5 knots: battery, 14 12-inch guns. The two earlier ships, the Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, are of 19,280 tons, 21.5 knots speed, and carry 12 12-inch guns. The Minas Geraes is now in the United States undergoing transformation similar to that already done on the Sao Paulo. These two ships form the important part of the Brazilian navy, the remainder consisting of monitors, cruisers, and destroyers (ten to twenty-five years old), and 3 submarines of 250 tons.

CANADA. Some years ago, the Canadian government established at Halifax a naval college for the instruction of cadets as officers for the naval service. Only a portion of the graduates were commissioned, the remainder providing a potential reserve. On Sept. 1, 1921, a training establishment for the enlisted force was opened at Halifax, but the exact character of the training to be given has not been reported. The active vessels of the Canadian navy are the light cruiser Aurora (3500 tons, 30 knots, 2 6-inch and 7 4-inch guns-1 anti-aircraft; completed 1914); destroyers Patriot and Patrician (980 tons, 35 knots; completed 1916), four submarines, and two tenders for torpedo craft.

CHILE. The battleship Almirante Latorre (ex-Canada-See CHILEAN NAVY in YEAR BOOK for 1920, p. 468) has been returned to Chile by Great Britain; also three flotilla leaders of 1700 tons likewise commandeered at the outbreak of war. One flotilla leader of the same class was sunk during the war and the battleship Almirante Cochrane was transformed into an airplane carrier. As these two vessels could not be returned, it has been proposed to sell to Chile on favorable terms the battle cruisers Indomitable and Inflexible of 17,250 tons and 26 knots speed. No information in regard to the progress of the negotiations for these ships has recently appeared. In addition to the vessels mentioned, Chile has an old (1897) third-class battleship, two old (1897-98)

armored cruisers, three cruisers, two flotilla leaders, eight destroyers, several torpedo boats, and six submarines (1915–17).

CHINA. The Chinese navy contains no vessels of importance. There are seven light cruisers of 1900 to 4300 tons (1898-1912) and about a dozen gunboats in fair condition. A programme for the construction of additional cruisers has been submitted to the Pekin government but it is doubtful if any will be built at present.

ESTHONIA. The Esthonian government desires to maintain its present force of 2 destroyers, 5 gunboats, 2 tugs, and 15 vedette boats. Nearly all of these vessels formerly belonged to the Russian government.

FINLAND. The naval force consists of 6 torpedo boats and 4 small gunboats. It is proposed to build a gunboat of 1000 tons and 4 submarines. LATAVIA possesses no naval force but desires to acquire 8 destroyers, 4 submarines, and 1500 submarine mines.

FRANCE. The condition of the French finances demands retrenchment in every possible way and the expenditure on the navy is being cut to the lowest practicable point. In 1913, the Normandie class of battleships was commenced. The vessels were to have a displacement of 25,000 tons, a speed of 21.5 knots, and to carry 12 13.4-inch guns in 3 4-gun turrets. Soon after the war broke out, all work was stopped on four of the ships, but the Béarn was kept in hand until after launching in 1915. The design called for vessels inferior in gunpower and protection to contemporary ships and if completed now would be outclassed by American, British, and Japanese ships already completed and would be still further inferior to those under construction or proposed. The four on the ways are therefore to be scrapped while the Béarn is to be completed as an airplane carrier. No additional battleships are contemplated at present, but the marked deficiency of the navy in fast light cruisers, flotilla leaders, and large destroyers is to be filled and additional submarines built. The new programme, to be completed in five or six years, is as follows: 6 light cruisers of 7500 to 8000 tons, 34 knots speed, to cost about 70 million francs each; 12 flotilla leaders of 2000 tons to cost 22 million francs each; 12 destroyers of about 1200 tons to cost 11 million francs each; 36 submarines of various types to cost 504 millions in the aggregate. The French navy of today consists of:-7 dreadnaught battleships (4 carrying 12-inch guns, 3 carrying 13.4-inchall laid down two years or more before the war), with a total tonnage of 163,500; 10 pre-dreadnaught battleships of 168,280 tons; 5 armored cruisers of 55,100 tons and 23 to 25.5 knots speed; 11 ineffective armored cruisers; 2 old battleships of no particular value; 8 old cruisers (more than 20 years old); no modern light cruisers except 5 of a total tonnage of 22,650 turned over by Germany -all new vessels; no flotilla leaders except 1 turned over by Germany; 60 old and small destroyersonly a few over 400 tons; 25 modern destroyers of 685 to 880 tons; 9 destroyers of 780 to 1000 tons turned over by Germany and Austria; about 150 old and small torpedo boats; about 80 submarines, not more than half of which are of much value; 10 submarines turned over by Germany.

GERMANY. By the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, as amended, Germany was allowed

to retain 6 pre-dreadnaught battleships, 6 light cruisers, 12 destroyers, and 2 torpedo boats but no submarines. All other warships were to be delivered to the Allies or scrapped. Many of the "scrapped" ships have been converted to merchant vessels. Uncompleted battleships and cruisers were transformed into oil tankers and freighters, while destroyers and even submarines have been rebuilt as passenger or freight steamers, or oil carriers. The ships left in the German navy are organized in two fleets of about equal size one in the Baltic and one in the North sea. Much care was taken in selecting the personnel of the new navy and some observers say that the organization appears excellent. But the formation of a well-disciplined and really efficient force seems unlikely until the "soviet" and communist ideas which broke up the old service are completely eradicated. (See YEAR Book for 1920, p. 470.) The terms of the peace treaty are not taken very seriously by Germany and she evidently intends some day to treat the naval clauses as "scraps of paper" when time and opportunity permit. In the meantime she plans for that future day. In the administrative and staff headquarters there are 1300 officers, an astonishing number for a navy that probably has a necessary enlisted force of not much over 10,000 men. Another significant fact is the very large number of officers assigned to specialist duties such as gunnery, torpedoes, navigation, organization, and the general staff. The only new ship laid down during the year is a light, fast cruiser of 6000 tons which has been commenced at Wilhelmshaven dockyard.

GREAT BRITAIN. The present British naval policy as foreshadowed by numerous speeches of Lord Lee (First Lord of the Admiralty) and other prominent British statesmen and definitely declared at the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments, is a friendly agreement with the United States through which a rivalry in naval construction can be avoided. The navy estimates for 1921-22 provide for the completion of 2 large light cruisers of 9905 tons and 31 knots and I of 7720 tons and 33 knots; 2 flotilla leaders of 1778 tons and 36 knots; 2 destroyers of 1092 tons and 36 knots and 4 of 1346 tons and 34 to 36 knots; 6 submarines of 904 (surface) to 1097 (submerged) tons with corresponding speeds of 17.5 and 10.5 knots; 1 submarine of 1910 to 2693 tons with speeds of 24 and 9.5 knots; 1 airplane carrier of 23,145 tons and 24 knots and 1 of 11,125 tons and 25 knots. The proposed new contruction consists of 4 new battle cruisers slightly larger and faster than the Hood; 1 submarine of new type; 1 mine layer of submergible type. The results of the Conference on the Limitation of Armaments seem to indicate that the number of battle cruisers will be reduced to two and these of 35,000 tons.

GREECE. The navy at present consists of the 2 old battleships (formerly the Mississippi and Idaho, of 13,000 tons) purchased from the United States; 3 small battleships of 4800 tons, rebuilt 1897-1900; the armored cruiser Giorgios Averoff, completed in 1912; the light cruiser Helli (1914) of 2600 tons; 7 destroyers of 350 tons, 4 of 980 tons, and the ex-Austrian Ulan of 400 tons; 4 ex-Austrian torpedo boats of 250 tons and about a dozen older and smaller torpedo boats. Two of the old battleships of 4800 tons,

two old submarines, and some old destroyers and torpedo boats are to be sold. Two light cruisers and 6 torpedo boats are to be ordered in England, and 4 submarines are to be purchased from Italy. The battleship Salamis was ordered in Germany before the war and 25 million drachmas were paid to the Vulcan works on account. It does not appear that the Greek government now desires her completion; but what arrangements are being made with the Vulcan works are unknown. In the early part of 1921 a British naval commission was assisting to reorganize the Greek navy but no complete report of its labors has been published. The naval budget for 1920-21 amounted to 91.036,201 drachmas (the gold drachma is worth 19.3 cents).

ITALY. The existing navy consists of 5 dreadnaught battleships, total tonnage 108,570; 7 pre-dreadnaught battleships of 82,630 tons; 5 armored cruisers of 44,208 tons; 3 small, fast light cruisers, tonnage 10,020; 8 old light cruisers, tonnage 17,569; 12 new, fast scouts of 1000 to 2000 tons, total tonnage 18,372; 48 destroyers of 26,588 tons; 64 torpedo boats of 10,000 tons; and 71 submarines, of which about 60 are useful vessels. There are under construction 3 scouts of 2200 tons each, 6 destroyers of 800 tons, 8 destroyers of 900 tons, and several small vessels of no great_military value. In addition to the foregoing, Italy received from Germany the light cruisers Pillau (4320 tons, 27.5 knotsrenamed Bari), and Strassburg (4480 tons, 28 knots renamed Taranto); from Austria the light cruisers Helgoland (3500 tons, 27 knotsrenamed Brindisi) and Saida (3500 tons, 27 knotsrenamed Venezia). Two destroyers were also received and renamed as well as some Austrian torpedo boats. The present budget (1921-22) authorizes the laying down of 8 mine layers of 800 tons, 1 oil fuel transport of 7000 tons, 4 submarines of 600 tons (surface displacement), 1 or 2 light cruisers of about 5000 tons, 4 destroyers of 900 tons, and 8 fast motor torpedo boats. The budget for 1921-22 authorizes an expenditure of 847,837,767 lire. The budget also authorizes the sale of all fighting vessels launched before 1904 and auxiliary craft launched before 1895.

JAPAN. Unlike the other Allies, Japan is hampered by no great war debt. Indeed the war saved her tottering finances. Such money difficulties as she has experienced have been due to tumbling prices since the war and a stubborn disregard of facts by the trades' unions. The net result of the war is that the government feels able, as it never has before, to enter into a naval building competition with the United States. So rapidly and steadily has this gone on that not only were they recently gaining on but they were laying down the newer and more powerful ships while we were lagging behind. The Japanese navy of to-day has 6 dreadnaught battleships of 178,320 tons, all but one carrying 14-inch or 16-inch guns; 4 battle cruisers of 27,500 tons each (total 110,000 tons), speed 28 knots, battery 8 14-inch guns; 11 pre-dreadnaught battleships of 168,000 tons; 3 large armored cruisers of 43,000 tons; 9 smaller armored cruisers of old type, tonnage 81,500; 3 light cruisers of 4950 tons and 26 knots, 2 of 3500 tons and 31 knots; 9 of 5500 to 5780 tons and 33 knots are built or building; 10 old cruisers are still in service

but of little military value; about 30 destroyers of 1200 to 1400 tons, 10 of 835 tons, and 24 smaller ones of about 375 tons are in service; also 20 or 30 old torpedo boats; and 20 or more submarines, the exact number completed being unknown, but there are a good many new boats completed or under construction in Japan. The other vessels under construction are:-battleships: Mutsu (33,800 tons, 8 16-inch guns), Kaga and Tosa (41,600 tons, 10 16-inch guns); battle cruisers: Akagi and Amagi (43,500 tons, 29 knots, 10 16-inch guns); 2 battle cruisers of the same class, but perhaps slightly larger, the Atago and Takao, were to be laid down about Nov. 1, 1921; 9 light cruisers of 5500 to 5780 tons (already referred to) are either built or building; about a dozen destroyers are in some stage of construction; and several submarines-number and size unknown. The programme of new construction, approved early in 1921, provides for 4 battleships (Owari, Kii No. 7, and No. 8-battery 12 16-inch or 8 18-inch guns, displacement reported as 45,000 tons); 4 battle cruisers (no information published); 12 light cruisers (at least 2, probably 4, of 7000 tons or larger); 32 destroyers; 5 gunboats, 18 special ships (such as mine-sweepers, oil fuel ships, airplane carriers, etc.). This programme to be completed by 1927. JUGO-SLAVIA. The kingdom of Serbia had no seacoast but by the addition of part of the AustroHungarian empire, thereby forming the new state of Jugo-Slavia, a short coast line on the Adriatic has been obtained. A navy department has therefore been established and was recently reorganized. Two old Austrian armorclads, Erherzog Ferdinand Max and Kronprinz Rudolf were turned over by the French when they evacuated Cattaro; also eleven torpedo boats. In addition, the new navy has a number of gunboats, river monitors (on the Danube), etc.

LATVIA. The government does not at present possess a single war vessel of any kind but expects to purchase 8 destroyers and 4 submarines and to keep on hand 1500 submarine mines.

MEXICO. It is reported that the present government has disposed of all its war vessels with exception of one or two small craft in the Pacific. NETHERLANDS. No new programme of naval construction was put forth during the year although there has been considerable discussion of the subject in parliament. On Dec. 29, 1920, the fast, light cruiser Sumatra was launched at Amsterdam. She is of 7150 tons, 30 knots speed, and will carry 10 6-inch guns.

PERU. The Peruvian navy is being reorganized under the direction of officers of the United States Navy, who will also give instruction in modern naval duties to the Peruvian officers. The vessels of the navy consist of two light cruisers of 3200 tons and 24 knots; 1 old cruiser of 1800 tons bought from France; 1 old cruiser of 1700 tons; 1 destroyer of 500 tons; and 2 submarines. The old French armored cruiser Dupuy de Lôme (6300 tons) was purchased from France just before the war and renamed the Elias Aguirre.

POLAND. The law creating the Polish navy was passed in 1919, and a naval school for officers was soon afterwards established at Thorn. The vessels of the navy are, at present, only gunboats and mine-sweepers, but 5 ex-German torpedo boats destined to Poland are being repaired in England. PORTUGAL. The Portuguese navy consists of

5 old cruisers of 1000 to 4100 tons, 1 gunboat of 600 tons, 4 destroyers (1912-14) of 700 tons, 1 of 500 tons, several torpedo boats, and 4 submarines.

ROUMÁNIA. Three river monitors of 433 to 527 tons, formerly belonging to the Austro-Hungarian navy have been turned over to Roumania. Two fast gunboats, or flotilla leaders, of 1500 tons and 35 knots (formerly the Nibbio and Sparviero) have been purchased from Italy. In addition to these, the navy possesses 1 small cruiser of 1320 tons, 4 gunboats of 45 to 360 tons, 5 river gunboats of 90 to 105 tons, 4 river monitors of 670 tons, 4 destroyers of 1350 to 1450 tons, 5 or 6 torpedo boats of 550 tons, and other small craft of no military value.

RUSSIA. The general inefficiency of the Bolshe viki and their ignorance of mechanical and technical matters, together with their murder of most of the former officers of the fleet, have caused the vessels to become absolutely useless with the exception of those in which Baron Wrangel's forces escaped from the Crimea. These vessels are now at the French naval port of Bizerta in Algeria and have been turned over to the French government which has agreed to maintain them for the present. They consist of the dreadnaught battleship General Alexieff (ex-Imperator Alexander III) of 22,795 tons, the old battleship Georgei Pobiedonosetz of 11,390 tons, the cruiser General Korniloff (ex-Kagul) of 6850 tons, 6 large destroyers of 1120 to 1345 tons, 4 small destroyers, 4 submarines, 1 yacht, and a transport of 16,250 tons; also some other vessels destroyers, gunboats, etc., of a size and character not reported. The general condition reported in the YEAR BOOK for 1920 (p. 472) remains unchanged except for the worse.

SPAIN. During the war, like other neutral countries, Spain greatly improved its financial condition and is carrying out its naval programme with a speed never before reached. The last of the three battleships of 15,700 tons has been completed and commissioned. The Spanish fleet now consists of 3 dreadnaught battleships of 15,700 tons, 1 old (1887) battleship of 9744 tons, 3 old armored cruisers (6889 to 9089 tons); 2 protected cruisers of 5287 and 5778 tons; 2 small cruisers; several gunboats; 12 destroyers; and 10 or 11 submarines. There are under construction 4 light cruisers of 5500 to 6000 tons; 6 submarines (12 more will be built); 3 destroyers of 1145 tons; and two torpedo boats. A submarine salvage vessel built in Holland was added to the special service class in 1921. The naval appropriation for 1921-22 is 119,907,672 pesetas (1 peseta = $0.193), of which 34,000,000 pesetas are allotted to new construction. The bill provides for a naval enlisted force of 13,400 men and a marine enlisted force of 4260.

SWEDEN. The naval budget for 1921 amounted to 28,752,254 crowns (1 gold crown = $0.268) of which 1,950,000 was for new construction. For 1922, the minister of defense asks for 15,000,000 crowns for the construction of submarines. The new third-class battleship Drottning Victoria of 7800 tons, 4 11-inch guns, and 23 knots speed was completed and commissioned for service in 1921. The Swedish navy now consists of 3 thirdclass battleships of 7100 tons; 1 coast defense turret ship of 4200 tons, 1 of 4100, 4 of 3612, 4 of 3445, and 2 of 3240; 10 destroyers of 400 to

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SCRAPPING THE U.S.S. BROOKLYN

Showing the dismantled funnels which weigh about eighteen tons.

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