it is possible for the individual with the incipient or not too far advanced case to recover relatively if everything is in his favor-that is if he have the best sanitary environment in addition to the use of the drug in question. But this is a very different proposition from curing the disease en bloc and emptying the leper houses throughout the world. In a recent report by the United States Public Health Service it is stated that more time must elapse before the alleged cure can be pronounced permanent. The ethyl esters which have supplanted the crude chaulmoogra oil constitute a very valuable remedy especially in young subjects and in those in the first stage of the disease. But in older subjects and older cases this remedy is less valuable. Of cases paroled from the leprosy stations in the Hawaiian Islands only about eight per cent have thus far returned for treatment which fact is very encouraging. However, the report does not state the per cent of those discharged and hence it is impossible to form any definite conclusion as to the value of the remedy. LEWIS, WILSON SEELEY. Methodist Episcopal bishop, died at Sioux City, Iowa, August 25; He was born at Russells, N. Y., July 17, 1857, graduated at Cornell College, Iowa, in 1889; and was ordained to the Methodist Episcopal ministry. He was principal of the Epworth Seminary, Iowa, from 1888 to 1897; president of Morningside College, Iowa, from 1897 to 1908; and in the latter year was made bishop.

LEXICOGRAPHY. See PHILOLOGY, MODERN. LIBERIA. A negro republic on the western coast of Africa, extending from the British colony of Sierra Leone on the west to the French Ivory Coast on the east, with a coast line of about 350 miles. Area, variously estimated at from 35,000 to 41,000 square miles; population, from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000, all of the African race, but including about 12,000 Americo-Liberians. The civilized negroes for the most part live along the coast, numbering about 50,000. Capital, Monrovia, with an estimated population, including Krutown, of 6000. No later complete figures for trade were available than those given in the preceding YEAR BOOK, but British trade with Liberia in 1920 was as follows: Exports to Great Britain from Liberia, £513,425; imports from Great Britain to Liberia, £271,527. Vessels entering Monrovia in 1919 numbered 244 of 622,844 tons, of which 483,789 were British. President at the beginning of the year, Charles D. B. King.

LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN. An incorporated organization founded in 1876 in Philadelphia, to promote library interest and improve library service. More specifically its working programme is: (1) To give advisory assistance to all who are interested in library establishment, extension, and development; (2) to maintain an employment bureau for librarians and libraries; (3) to attract promising and properly qualified young men and women to library work as a profession; (4) to hold conferences; (5) to raise the professional standards, dignify library service, and improve library salaries; (6) to carry on publication and publicity; (7) to assist in making books a vital, working educational force in American life and in making libraries easily accessible to all the people. Membership is open to any interested person or institution.

The Forty-third Annual Conference was held at Swampscott, Mass., in June, 1921, with an attendance of 1900. Reports showed that while library service is developing rapidly, the demand for books has increased still more rapidly, and the needs are far ahead of facilities for meeting them. The fact that there are 60,000,000 people without library facilities and many possessing them who do not use them, is the basis of the Association's plans for extension and publicity work. The Association's Library War Service has practically closed. Book service for men in the army has been transferred to the United States government, although the Association met a special need for a supply of books for Coblenz after this transfer had been made. Service to Merchant Marine vessels has been taken over by the American Merchant Marine Library Association and the transfer of the hospital service to the government is nearly completed. The American Library in Paris, Inc., to whose endowment fund the Association contributed $25,000, is functioning independently except that its librarian is nominated and five trustees are appointed by the American Library Association.

During the year 1921 forty-three publications were issued, counting separately the individual numbers of the periodicals. They range in size from four-page leaflets to bound volumes and they include reading lists, programmes, bibliographies, proceedings and pamphlets about various phases of library work for librarians and for the public. The periodicals issued by the Association are the Bulletin (bi-monthly), and the Booklist (monthly except August and September). The latter lists, classifies, and briefly describes current books for the convenience of librarians and the reading public. Publicity material on libraries and reading, such as posters, placards, picture exhibits, and lantern slides has also been prepared and widely used, in most cases for free distribution by libraries. The total distribution of publications during the year is estimated at 257,000.

Work for the blind continues one of the important interests of the Association. The Booklist of Revised Braille, the fifth number of which has been issued, lists 64 books which have been brailled through the instrumentality of the Association. The year was a busy one for the employment and recruiting departments. Children's librarians are in demand at salaries slightly higher than during 1920. Other demands are for people with general training for small libraries. There are constant requests for information from individuals considering library work as a vocation.

The officers of the Association for 1921-22 were: President, Azariah S. Root, Oberlin College Library, Oberlin, Ohio; first vice-president, Samuel H. Ranck, Grand Rapids Public Library; second vice-president, Claribel R. Barnett, U. S. Department of Agriculture Library; treasurer, Edward D. Tweedell, The John Crerar Library, Chicago. The Educative Board includes in addition to the foregoing, Gratia A. Countryman, John Cotton Dana, George S. Godard, Margaret Mann, H. H. B. Meyer, Carl B. Roden, Edith Tobbitt, and George B. Utley. The secretary of the association is Carl H. Milam, 78 East Washington Street, Chicago, at which address are maintained the executive offices of the Association.

LIBRARY PROGRESS. The library year 1921 was not one of salient features or remarkable

progress. There was an increasing number of library meetings throughout the country at which the most important questions before the library profession, such as revenue, certification, tariff and copyright provisions, came up for consideration. There has been a serious tendency, especially notable in New York, to curtail library appropriations, particularly book funds, which must result in crippling the facilities of public libraries in face of the constantly increasing public demand. One example was the omission from the new Federal budget of appropriations for continuing welfare work, including library service, for the army in peace times. This was partially remedied through the effort of Secretary Weeks to secure an appropriation of $60,000 for books and service. The new budget carried satisfactory appropriations for the navy, and the merchant marine is to be cared for by a chartered organization which will be benefited by the large collection of the American Library Association. Thus was the library interest seriously affected by the aftermath of the war.

On the other hand, the year was marked by the opening of several large library buildings. Of these may be mentioned the Detroit Public Library edifice and the new quarters of the John Crerar, in the office building which it has specially constructed for library needs. Philadelphia has laid the foundations of its great public library and Wilmington (Del.) has broken ground for an important edifice. New branches have been opened in several library systems, notably two more of Cleveland's "reading factories," two additional branches for Newark (N. J.), and negro branches at Atlanta and Norfolk. College libraries have made noteworthy progress: Williams with an imposing building well advanced, Boston College, with a $400,000 building under way, Luther College, Decorah (Iowa) with a library building just completed, and McGill University at Montreal with an important extension. The James J. Hill Reference Library building, which adjoins and supplements the St. Paul Public Library, completes the central library system in that city, and the Grosvenor Reference Library at Buffalo (N. Y.) has broken ground for a new building.

There was more library legislation than usual in 1921, as most of the States held their biennial legislative sessions in this year. The many laws passed regarding the levying of taxes for library support in the various States do not admit of much generalization. They do show, however, a disposition to permit libraries to adjust themselves to changing conditions and to provide more liberally for their support. There is an unusually large amount of Federal legislation pending, which, if enacted will affect libraries and librarians. Of these may be mentioned the Hospital Library Service appropriation bill passed by the last Congress, which includes $100,000 for library books, magazines, and papers for beneficiaries of the War Risk Insurance and a continuation of the hospital library service inaugurated by the American Library Association; the Navy Appropriation Bill which includes $589,500 for educational training and libraries for the navy, ashore and afloat; and the Library Information Service bill which creates a Division of Library Service in the Bureau of Education, whose duties will be to increase the efficiency of American libraries by

providing current information concerning government activities, to collect and organize information regarding printed matter issued by the Federal government and provide digests of this material.

Of library gifts there has been little of importance to record, especially as the Carnegie Corporation, after providing for more than 2500 buildings, has maintained the suspension of new library grants upon which it decided at the commencement of the war and has devoted itself in the library field chiefly to rounding up work provided for earlier. It has, however, taken up library work in foreign countries, and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has supplied $200,000 for erecting and equipping a library building in Rheims, France, and $100,000 also for books for Belgrade University. It has also added to the libraries on American history, civics, and economics in several capitals, similar collections for Strassburg and other places. The work of the American Library Association abroad has technically ceased except through the American Library in Paris, although a special appropriation provided for library service to members of the Army of Occupation, and much work has been done through American channels in the further development of libraries, especially for children in the devastated regions of France. Survey work has also been carried on by this association in the Far East and Latin-America and plans carried out for some of the library schools to give scholarships for librarians in foreign countries desiring American training.

LIBYA. An Italian colony on the north coast of Africa, comprising the two provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, lying between Tunis on the west and Egypt on the east. Area, estimated at 406,000 square miles; population, according to the census of August 3, 1911, 523,176 natives, but later estimates placed the total population at about 6,000,000. The European population numbered from 10,000 to 12,000, the majority being Maltese and Italians. The language generally spoken is Arabic, and Arabic and Italian are the official languages. The capital of Tripolitania is Tripoli with about 73,000 inhabitants; and the capital of Cyrenaica is Benghazi with about 35,000. The southern frontier is not fixed as the region extends indefinitely into the Sahara Desert. The fertile regions are those along the coast and the hill regions of Mesellata, Bondara, Gebel, Tarhuna, and the valleys and oases. Trade is mainly by caravan between Benghazi and Wadai and between Tripoli and Central Sudan. According to a British authority the imports in 1919 amounted to £3,900,000. For the year 1920-21 the budget balanced at 127,196,010 lire. Governor of Tripolitania at the beginning of 1921, L. Mercatelli; of Cyrenaica, G. de Martino.

LIFE INSURANCE. See INSURANCE.

LIGHTHOUSES AND AIDS TO NAVIGATION. On June 30, 1921, there were maintained by the United States Lighthouse Service 16,355 aids to navigation, including 5756 lights of all classes and 593 fog signals (not including 152 buoys with whistles and 386 buoys with bells), of which 48 were submarine signals.

During the fiscal year ended on that date, there had been a net increase of only 31 in the total number of aids to navigation maintained by

lighthouses and light vessels, which he may use in locating or steering his vessel, and he should be able to do this independently as he uses his magnetic compass for bearings on visible objects. When developed and its use extended, radio fog signals and the radio compass were believed probably to promise the greatest advance made in a long period in affording protection to vessels in fog and should be the means of avoiding some of the serious marine disasters due to inability to hear or locate a fog signal under unfavorable conditions.

There was a decrease of 80 in the number of officers and employees of the U. S. Lighthouse Service, the number at the end of the year being 5922. Incidental to their regular duties, many opportunities arise for the light keepers rendering aid to those in distress, because of the location of the light stations and vessels; during this year 119 instances of saving of life and property, or rendering valuable aid, were reported, often at great risk to the light keepers and other employees of the Service.

Provision was greatly needed for improved depot facilities in several of the districts, particularly at or near Norfolk, Va.; Key West, Fla.; Honolulu, Hawaii; and Newport, R. I.; and additional funds were needed for the completion of the important depots at Boston, Mass.; Charleston, S. C.; Detroit, Mich.; San Juan, P. R.; and Ketchikan, Alaska. LIGHTSHIPS. See LIGHTHOUSES.

LIME. About 2,531,000 short tons of lime, valued at $24,536,000, were sold in the United States, including Hawaii and Porto Rico, in 1921, according to an estimate made by the United States Geological Survey, from reports made by the principal producers. This quantity was less than that sold in any year since the Survey had collected its statistics and was 29 per cent less than that sold in 1920. The average value per ton in 1921 was estimated at $9.69. In 1920 it was $10.52, and in 1919 it was $8.84. Of the 42 States and Territories that produced lime in 1921, 5 increased and 27 decreased their output as compared with 1920. The five States that increased their output in 1921 made only small gains and were affected by local or special conditions, such as contracts made late in 1920. Reports showed that fewer plants were in operation in 1921 than in 1920, and some firms that intended to start work either abandoned their intentions or held them in abeyance. Many small kilns on farms were not operated on account of the high price of coal. Firms that actively operated plants for many years closed them down in 1921, because they could see no profit in the business. A few new plants were put in operation, although many of the old ones were active during only a part of the year. There was less complaint of shortage of labor in 1921 than for several years past. The high price of coal was still a drawback to the industry, but the cost of production was generally reported to be less than in 1920. High freight rates affected the production of lime to a great extent by closing markets to firms whose output could not all be taken in the local market and by raising the gross price so high that the potential consumer could not afford to pay it. The lime market was very poor and irregular until fall, when the demand apparently increased but was still below normal. Prices were unstable during the year, but on the whole decreased throughout the country. In one locality

the average price of quicklime per ton from January to June was $9.80 and from July through November, $7.30. The average price of hydrated lime per ton in the same locality was reported at $12.30 from January to June and $9.80 from July through November.

LINCOLN, MRS. MARY JOHNSON (BAILEY). Household economist, died at Boston, Mass., December 2. Her cook books and kitchen textbooks are well known. She was born at South Attleboro, Mass., July 8, 1844; graduated at the Wheaton Seminary, Mass., in 1864; and after 1879 was a writer and lecturer on household science. She was the first principal of the Boston Cooking School from 1879 to 1885, and an editor of the American Kitchen Magazine from 1890 to 1903; and she lectured on cookery and kindred subjects throughout the United States. She wrote: Boston Cook Book (1884); Peerless Cook Book (1886); Carving and Serving (1886); The Boston School Kitchen Text Book (1888); What to Have For Luncheon (1904); School Kitchen Text Book (1915). LINDLEY, LORD (NATHANIEL LINDLEY). British jurist, died at Norwich, Eng., December 9. He was born, Nov. 29, 1828, and called to the bar in November, 1850. In 1875 he was made Justice of the Common Pleas; in 1881 Lord Justice; in 1897, Master of the Rolls, and in 1900 Lord of Appeal in Ordinary with a life peerage under the title of Baron Lindley of East Carlton. By many he was ranked among the greatest judges of the Victorian Age. He was one of the few who were ever promoted from the Chancery Bar to the Common Law bench and he was the last of the Sergeants-at-Law. Early in his career he wrote two important legal works, An Introduction to the Study of Jurisprudence and a great work on Partnership, which passed through many editions. LINGUISTIC SCIENCE. See PHILOLOGY. Mod

ern.

LIPPMANN, GABRIEL. See NECROLOGY. LIQUORS. Attorney-General Palmer on February 2 decided that the authority of the commissioner of internal revenue to issue permits for the sale in wholesale quantities of intoxicating liquors was limited to manufacturers and wholesale druggists. On March 3 the Attorney-General decided that the internal revenue bureau had no authority to limit the number of permits for the manufacture and sale of liquors for medicinal purposes, except that it must be confined to reputable druggists. The United States Supreme Court in its decision of June 1 held that the former internal revenue laws were supplanted by the Volstead Act, and that the penalties under those laws could not be applied in addition to the penalties provided in the Volstead Act.

The figures showing the cost and financial results of the enforcement of national prohibition during the fiscal year were published in October, based on the records of Washington. The cost to the country during the fiscal year according to this was $6,250,095. The assessments imposed involving civil penalties and special taxes amounted to $53,296,999, and of this $2,152,387 had been collected. Besides this, property had been seized valued at $10,906,687, and the court fines imposed would run, according to the estimates, up to several millions. The chief items in the cost of enforcement were salaries and traveling costs. The criminal cases involving violation of the law numbered 29,114 and in these 16,610 of

the accused pleaded guilty; 17,962 were convicted; and 765 were acquitted. The percentage of convictions was much lower in New York City than elsewhere. At the end of the fiscal year 10,365 cases for violation of the law were still pending. On June 30, 1921, there were 39,961,000 gallons of whisky, 399,000 gallons of rum, 885,000 gallons of gin, 2170 gallons of high wines, 640,946 gallons of alcohol, 369,000 gallons of neutral or cologne spirits, making a total of 42,500,000 gallons in the distilleries and general bond warehouses. In the fiscal year 1920, there were about 53,000,000 gallons.

The national prohibition act of Oct. 28, 1919, imposed duties upon the Bureau of Internal Revenue which were new to it, and from the effective date of the act a considerable portion of its energies had to be devoted to the enforcement of a regulatory act instead of to a tax-collecting act. In this work the bureau no doubt made mistakes. The act was in some instances misinterpreted and the means taken to enforce it were not always effective. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, however, there was considerable improvement. Many of the earlier mistakes of the bureau were corrected. The regulations were amended, the act received judicial interpretation in the courts, and many points were cleared up by opinions of the Attorney General. The prohibition field organization was continued under the general scheme of organization planned in 1920. It was composed of two classes of supervisory officers, known as supervising Federal prohibition agents and Federal prohibition directors, each supervisory officer having a force of employees operating under his immediate control. Each supervising agent was in charge of an administrative unit known as a "department," the various departments being composed of from one to five States. The duty of the supervising Federal prohibition agent was to detect and suppress violations of the prohibition law and to prosecute violators. Each supervising agent controlled a mobile force known as Federal prohibition agents. On June 30, 1921, there were 12 regular depart ments in the United States, and in addition two acting supervising Federal prohibition agents, one for Hawaii and one for Porto Rico. The permissive features of the national prohibition act were administered by Federal prohibition directors, there being one such officer for each State, one for Hawaii, and one for Porto Rico. The subordinate field officers were known as Federal prohibition inspectors.

The prevention of the smuggling of liquors by the Customs Service without adequate force or equipment to cope with the organized bands of liquor smugglers, especially along the south Atlantic seaboard, continued to present a serious problem. Despite the large number of seizures made by customs officers of contraband liquor and of vessels carrying the same, no material decrease in violations of this character was to be expected according to the Customs House authorities until sufficient funds were made available for the maintenance of an effective border and seacoast patrol and for an adequate number of men to make a thorough search of vessels promptly upon their arrival from foreign shores.

In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, the classes and value of liquors seized were as follows: Illicit stills, 14,337; distilled spirits, 109,370 gals.;

wine, 44,365 gals.; total value, $2,390,638. In North and South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, 5328 moonshine arrests were made during the calendar year 1920.

LITERATURE. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN. To grow enthusiastic over the literary output of the year 1921 is difficult. While literary production has not been decreased in quantity, it would seem, with some striking exceptions, to have decreased in quality. In fiction, for instance, a vast number of works have been produced, but most of them are not significant. Certainly, as regards fiction, the output of 1921 cannot compare in quality with that of 1920. Perhaps some of the seeming barrenness of that particular field is due to the absence from it of its long-established chief workers, such men as Wells, Conrad, Bennett, whose attention was this year turned elsewhere. Their would-be successors do not seem to take up the burden. In Poetry and Drama, also, the yield has been thin, lacking distinction.

However, there is cause for rejoicing in the generally successful activity displayed by biographers, essayists, and writers upon political and sociological subjects. It would seem, for the year 1921, that what the English-speaking world has lost in artistry, it has made up in thoughtfulness. To say that this thoughtfulness is a result of the war is to say the usual, and perhaps true, thing. But to say that is a product of the peace would be even truer of the literary activity of the year. Skepticism in essay and biography and a careful logic in the approaches to reconstruction problems in political science and sociology would indicate the nations' disillusionment. The war itself gets a decreasing amount of attention, even in its controversial phases. In Fiction and Poetry, certainly, it has almost disappeared, either as background, or as a deus ex machina.

Production in the fields of Philosophy, Religion, the Fine Arts, History, was as in other years. Travel books have been very numerous and very good, generally.

FICTION. The noteworthy and successful fiction for the year is remarkable for the almost complete unanimity with which it has turned to character as the source of inspiration. One author after another has endeavored to make plain and real a man or woman whose quality might otherwise escape us. And the number of times authors have succeeded and found popular favor during 1921 indicates that man's curiosity about man is still unappeased. This effort in the portrayal of character has been made among authors on both sides of the Atlantic. It must be confessed, however, that this year the honors for success cannot be so definitely awarded to Americans as last year. The English supremacy, long-held, is again asserted.

Of course, other themes than the study of character abound. There are the usual number of stories concerned with the relations of the sexes, triangle stories, marriage stories, love stories, and so on. The spiritualistic motif is also present occasionally. The historical novel has practically disappeared. Mystery, adventure, and detective stories hold their large audiences and are published by scores.

Certain novels demand more than mere mention. If Winter Comes, by A. S. M. Hutchinson, concerns a character whose charm many will long remember. In Mr. Waddington of Wyck, May