The receipts for the fiscal ending Sept. 30, 1921, were $21,604,263.90, the disbursements for the same period, $23,183,170.36; and the balance on hand, Oct. 1, 1921, was $2,989.490.91. The aggregate bonded debt of the State on the same date was $345,615.12.

EDUCATION. The total school revenue in 192021 was $53,768,002.72. In 1920-21, there were 797,537 children enumerated in the State (between 6 and 21 years). The total enrollment in the schools was 577,432. There were 15,584 elementary and 5123 high school teachers.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The names of the institutions, the situation, date of founding and number of inmates present on Sept. 30, 1921, were as follows:

Reformatory, Jeffersonville (1821), 791; School for the Deaf, Indianapolis (1844), 297; Central Hospital for the Insane, Indianapolis (1845), 1455; School for the Blind, Indianapolis (1847), 125; Prison, Michigan City (1859), 1352; Boys' School, Plainfield (1867), 514; Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, Knightstown (1867), 302; Woman's Prison, Indianapolis (1869), 91; School for Feeble-Minded Youth, Ft. Wayne (1879), 1395; Northern Hospital for Insane, Logansport (1883), 1070; Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Richmond (1883), 914; Southern Hospital for the Insane, Evansville (1883), 798; Soldiers' Home, Lafayette (1896), 592; Girls' School, Clermont (1903), 368; Southeastern Hospital for the Insane, North Madison (1905), 1232; Village for Epileptics, Newcastle (1905), 405; Sanatorium, Rockville (1907), 104; Robert W. Long Hospital, Indianapolis (1911), 104; State Farm, Putnamville (1913), 540; Farm Colony for the Feeble-Minded, Butlerville (1919), 80.

On Sept. 30, 1921, the total population of the several State institutions was 12,529; of the county poor asylums, 3271; of the county jails, 741; and of institutions for dependent children, 1553, making a total of 18,094. Expenses for these purposes in 1920-21 were as follows: State institutions, $4,446,251.74 county poor asylums, $1,184,943.23; dependent children, $511,380.78; county jails, $299,018.19; and outdoor poor relief, $417,230.13.

LEGISLATION. The regular biennial session of the legislature met in January, 1921. The only laws of exceptional interest or importance enacted were the following; Pure agricultural seed law; financial support for public health nursing associations; the erection and equipment of a modern reformatory; repeal of the full train crew and full switching crew laws; full guardianship of a mother over her children; uniform warehouse receipts act; providing for the preparation of an executive State budget; creation of a board for the examination and licensing of civil engineers and land surveyors; acceptance of the federal vocational rehabilitation act; authorizing cities to create a city planning and city zoning commission; authorizing cities to establish the commission or the commission-manager form of municipal government; creating the office of State juvenile probation officer; certificate of title for motor vehicles to prevent theft; authorizing the construction and equipment of a hospital for crippled children; and providing for the creation of a commission to make an educational survey of the State. ELECTIONS. On Sept. 6, 1921, a special election was held for the ratification or rejection of 13

proposed constitutional amendments which had been adopted by the general assemblies of 1919 and 1921. The total number of electors who participated at this election was 218,698. Only one of the thirteen amendments was adopted. The amendment adopted confers full suffrage on women and prohibits aliens from voting until they are fully naturalized. During the year, special elections were held in twelve cities on the question of the adoption of the commission-manager plan of government. The proposal was defeated in eleven municipalities and adopted in Michigan City only. Municipal elections were held throughout the State on November 8. Of the ninety-eight cities, sixty-two elected Democratic mayors, thirty Republican mayors and six Independents.

OFFICERS. Governor, Warren T. McCray; Lieutenant-Governor, Emmett F. Branch; Secretary of State, Ed Jackson; Treasurer of State, Ora Daviess; Auditor of State, William G. Oliver; Attorney-General, U. S. Lesh; Clerk of the Supreme Court, Patrick J. Lynch.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: David A. Myers, Howard L. Townsend, B. M. Willoughby, Julius C. Travis, Louis B. Ewbank.

INDIANA, UNIVERSITY OF. A co-educational State institution at Bloomington, Ind.; founded in 1820. In the fall session there were 2815 students enrolled of whom 1239 were women. Of this total 1212 were in the arts and sciences; 256 in medicine; 109 in law; and the rest in the Schools of Training of Nurses, Commerce, and Finance, Social Surveys, and the Graduate School. The faculty numbered 219. The library contained 138,352 volumes. The total income including appropriations from the state and federal governments was $927,970. A plan was made for the construction of a Commerce and Finance building in 1922 and a campaign was going on among the alumni for the raising of $1,000,000 for the building. President, William Lowe Bryan, Ph.D.

INDIANS. POPULATION. The total population of the Indians of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, June 30, 1921, was 340,838, of whom 101,506 belonged to the Five Civilized Tribes, including freedmen and intermarried whites. Exclusive of the Five Civilized Tribes the figures was 239,332. The Indian population by States was as follows:

44

6,053

119,481

6,608 358

106

304 23,159

2,110 1,559

24

7

10,404

1,764

EDUCATION. Of the approximately 86,000 Indian children of school age about 30,000 were enrolled in the government schools and about an equal number in non-government schools. The day and boarding schools under government control offer academic courses from the first grade through intermediate and grammar grades; in a few instances through what is equal to junior high school. Vocational courses of equal grade are offered, with special emphasis put upon agriculture and home economics. In the large nonreservation schools many trade courses are provided. Of not less importance than the academic training is the industrial preparation of Indian boys and girls for independent citizenship. The problem of supervision and of securing competent teachers is difficult. The ultimate aim of the administration is to place all Indian children in the public schools. Many Indian children have been out of school because of lack of school facilities, especially in the Southwest, but in other sections of the country conditions have been changing rapidly and public schools were available for a very large percentage of the Indian children in those sections.

In a majority of the States the Indian administration reported a hearty coöperation on the part of the State authorities in providing for Indians in public schools.

HEALTH. The Indians are subject to the same diseases as white people. They have more trachoma and perhaps more tuberculosis, but there are fewer venereal diseases, less diphtheria and scarlet fever, and, as a rule, pneumonia is not so prevalent among them as it is among the whites. In 1921, according to the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, several reservations, particularly of those in the Southwest, had visitations of measles, smallpox, chickenpox, mumps, scarlet fever, and influenza in an attenu ated form. Some cases of sore throat with infection were also present in a few communities. Several deaths resulted from bronchial pneumonia following measles, but there were no fatal issues from any of the other diseases above mentioned, and the epidemic situation with respect to these diseases was practically clear at the close of the fiscal year. Typhus fever appeared on the San Juan Navajo Reservation about Nov. 20, 1920. The disease was almost exclusively confined to the Indians. The last case was reported, June 13, 1921.

AGRICULTURE. The following information in regard to Indian farming was supplied by the

THE QUESTION OF INDIAN COMPETENCY. The inability of the Indian to care for himself and compete under existing conditions with the whites, continued to present a difficult problem to the Indian service. The following conditions and considerations are presented in the Commissioner's report:

Notwithstanding the sincere efforts of officials and competency commissions to reach a safe conclusion as to the ability of an Indian to manage prudently his business and landed interests, experience shows that more than two-thirds of the Indians who have received patents in fee have been unable or unwilling to cope with the business acumen coupled with the selfishness and greed of the more competent whites, and in many instances have lost every acre they had. It is also true that many of the applications received for patents in fee are from those least competent to manage their affairs, while the really competent Indians are in large numbers still holding their lands in trust. It is evident to the careful observer that degree of blood should not be a deciding factor to establish competency, as there are numerous instances of full-bloods who are clearly demonstrating their industrial ability by the actual use made of their land and who are shrewdly content with a restrictive title thereto that exempts them from taxation. At the same time the instances are far too frequent where those of one-half or less Indian blood-often young men who have had excellent educational privi

leges-secure patents in fee, dispose of their land at a sacrifice, put most of the proceeds in an automobile or some other extravagant investment, and in a few months are "down and out," as far as any visible possessions are concerned. The situation, therefore, suggests the need of some revision of practice as a check upon the machinations of white schemers who covertly aid the issuance of fee patents in order to cheat the holders out of their realty, and as a restraint upon those who are not so lacking in competency as in the disposition to make the right use of it, and also as a stimulant to the thrifty holder of a trust title to accept the entire management of his estate with the full privileges and obligations that follow.

INDO-CHINA, also known as FARTHER INDIA. The southeastern peninsula of Asia including the following divisions: Burma, politically attached to British India; Siam, a self-governing monarchy; French Indo-China, including Annam, Cambodia, Cochin China, Laos, and Tongking; the Federated Malay states; the Straits Settlements proper; and the Malay states of Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Trenganu. See the articles BURMA; FRENCH INDO-CHINA; SIAM; and other principal states mentioned above.

INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGE. OGY, MODERN.

See PHILOL

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD. For a general history of this organization together with an exposition of its principles see the YEAR Book for 1919. During the year the Industrial Workers of the World attracted little or no attention from the public. The courts of California and most of the western States had previously declared against the economic theory of syndicalism, and the trials of individual Industrial Workers of the World during the year saw a continuation of this attitude. There appeared to be some basis for believing with a certain sympathizer that, "Persecution of the Industrial Workers of the World has weeded the weak, wild, and unsteady from its ranks; the Industrial Workers of the World is rapidly developing into a stable, dignified labor organization." The habit of thinking of all Industrial Workers of the World as typical "reds," ferocious and Russian in appearance, was gradually giving way. An examination of the forty syndicalist prisoners in California showed many of them to be of old American stock; two were overseas veterans, one a volunteer, and two of the three foreign-born prisoners were Holland intellectuals. The membership of the Industrial Workers of the World was estimated at approximately 100,000. Secretary, George Hardy.

INFANTILE PARALYSIS. Acute anterior poliomyelitis, the infectious disease responsible for infantile paralysis with its thousands of crippled men and women is now being treated with the serum of horses artificially immunized to the disease. This is obtained by injecting the animals with cultures of the streptococcus polymorphus. The good effects of this serum have been known since 1917, both in epidemics and in isolated cases. Dr. Rosenau of the Mayo Foundation has a series of 259 patients all of whom were children between the ages of 5 and 7. In 60 of these there was time to inject the serum before the appearance of the paralysis-that is, during the first 36 hours of the disease. In this series not a single death or paralysis occurred, or in other words there was 100 per cent of complete recovery.

In 61 other patients the injections were not practiced until after the first 48 hours. In this series paralyses were already present, nevertheless the results were almost equal to those of the above mentioned series, for all recovered and but one was left with a slight paralysis. In the third series of 123 patients treatment was not begun till the 5th or 6th day. Eight children of this series died and 30 were left paralyzed but the remaining 61 made complete recoveries. These results are most remarkable as will be seen by a comparison with the average mortality and other figures under former plans of treatment. The flat death rate is 4 per cent and the incidence of paralysis from 29 to 68 per cent, according to the locality and epidemic. The serum is injected into the muscles or veins and nothing is gained by injection into the spinal cord. Journal of the American Medical Association, August 20, 1921. INGRAM, ELEANOR MARIE. Author, died, March 22. She was born in New York City, Nov. 26, 1886, and educated by private tutors. She wrote The Game and the Candle (1911); The Flying Mercury (1911); From the Car Behind (1912); Unafraid (1913); A Man's Hearth (1915); Twice American (1917.)

INSECTS. See ZOOLOGY.

INSURANCE. Insurance in 1921 felt the effects of the general deflation and depression, and in practically every branch new problems were to be faced, owing both to commercial conditions generally and those peculiar to the industry, as well as those of a rather fortuitous character prevailing during the year.

FIRE INSURANCE. In addition to purely underwriting activities important outside matters were in evidence during 1921. The State of Mississippi was engaged in a suit against a number of leading insurance companies in the effort to enforce heavy penalties, which was bitterly fought. (See below.) In Arkansas a suit was in progress to prevent the State Insurance Commissioner from enforcing a rate reduction order which was opposed as unjustifiable, while in New York during the sessions of the Lockwood Legislative committee the insurance companies were assailed and much newspaper notoriety given to their alleged practices.

With decreased incomes and profits the fire companies inaugurated reforms in various departments and the business was said to be in better intrinsic condition than in the times of inflated prosperity. There was an estimated decrease in the income from premiums of between 10 and 20 per cent in 1921 from 1920, due of course to the reduced stocks in many businesses and diminished industrial activity. Furthermore, values had shrunk to the process of deflation, reducing premium incomes.

Fire losses in 1921 was excessive, the highest since the year of the San Francisco fire. (See FIRE PROTECTION.) According to the Insurance Editor of the Journal of Commerce (New York): "There were several reasons for this. In the first place there was a vast amount of insurance in force written in 1920 and previous years. Even normal losses would have been heavy. But losses were more than normal. There was a serious let down from the patriotic spirit which prevailed during the war and caused people to be careful as a duty. A period of wild wastfulness had followed, and with it came carelessness, which always results in fires.