to protect communities from the dangers of sudden floods due to streams being swollen by rain and overflowing their banks. Of those the Mill Creek improvement which had been put under way at Erie, Pa., after the disastrous flood of 1915 was entirely finished, while the larger and well-designed district project developed for the Miami Valley in Southwestern Ohio was nearing completion and stood as an important engineering work. In contrast to these projects already accomplished mention must be made of serious floods at Pueblo, Colo., San Antonio, Texas, and Phoenix, Ariz. At these cities protection had previously been discussed in view of threatening circumstances, but protective works had not been started, and the result of the year's experience was to put the various designs and projects under way in earnest.

MIAMI CONSERVANCY DISTRICT. In 1921 this great project was nearing completion and in particular work was being actively prosecuted on finishing the Taylorsville dam, the largest of the five detaining dams of the Miami Conservancy District. It was located a few miles above Dayton, so as to control the main course of the Miami river and was 3000 ft. long, with a maximum height of 78 ft. It contained about 1,200,000 cu. yd. of earth embankment. This dam had a special discharge or outlet structure, comprising a series of four 15 by 20 ft. arched openings through a concrete spillway weir. This was the largest of the concrete structures on any of the district work, and contained about 50,000 cu. yd. of concrete. This outlet in case of extreme flood would discharge 50,000 sec.-ft, while in a flood as large as that of 1913 the basin formed by the Taylorsville dam would impound 152,000 acre-ft. of water. At the end of 1921 at the Taylorsville dam the embankment and concrete work had been completed, but various finishing jobs, it was estimated, would last into the spring of 1922. To control Laramie Creek, one of the headwater streams further north, the Lockington dam was completed also during the year. Two important tributaries entering at Dayton, Stillwater river, and Mad river, were controlled by detaining dams at Englewood and at Huffman respectively, which at the end of the year were almost completed. Finally, ten miles south of Dayton the inflowing Twin Creek was controlled by the Germantown dam, which was completed in 1920 and was in service.

MILL CREEK FLOOD PROTECTION. The city of Erie, Pa., on Nov. 23, 1921, formally announced the completion of its Mill Creek flood control works, built to prevent such a disaster as that experienced in 1915 when the stream, passing through the built-up section of the city for more than a mile, overflowed its banks and caused the death, by drowning, of forty people and a property loss estimated at $2,000,000. By the new improvement the stream was entirely inclosed in a 22x18ft. concrete conduit on which were located graded and paved streets, while on ground that was formerly the open-stream channel buildings were erected. In addition to securing protection considerable land in the heart of the city was thus reclaimed for building purposes.

PUEBLO FLOOD. The valley cities of central and southern Colorado east of the continental divide suffered severely from devastating floods between June 4 and June 6, 1921. The most

serious loss of life and heaviest property damage was in Pueblo, where the waters of the Arkansas river and its tributary, Fountain Creek, rose 15 ft. above the highest previous stage and flooded some 350 city blocks, destroying buildings and causing many deaths. A total damage of $20,000,000 to $25,000,000, was estimated as due to the floods, of which nearly $15,000,000 represented the loss in the city of Pueblo.

The flood had its origin in a heavy long-continued rainstorm which began June 2, and which attaining a maximum on June 3 and 4 produced a swollen condition of the Arkansas and the South Platte, two rivers which drain the region east of the continental divide. The most intense rainfall affected the upper drainage area of the Arkansas, and Pueblo, its chief city, suffered to an extraordinary degree, while roads and bridges in this region were also seriously damaged. Denver and other cities in the northern region, however, suffered but little, but extensive damage was done to farms and to bridges and the highways in the South Platte area also, though here there was little loss of life.

The failure of the Schaefer dam, a 90 ft. high earth fill dam on Beaver Creek, a northern tributary of the Arkansas near Florence, intensified the flood conditions on the morning of June 5, when the rainfall was at its maximum.

In the city of Pueblo where the greatest damage was done by the flood and the rush of the current through the city, wooden houses were floated from their foundations and smashed against more resistant structures, with the effect of causing many of the more substantial buildings to collapse. At the height of the flood a fire that started in the lumber yards added to the danger, but it was brought under control largely with the aid of the continuing rain. In addition to the destruction of dwelling houses, those of frame generally being utterly destroyed, more than 50 large business buildings were damaged by water or fire. Substantial brick wall construction of 13-in. thickness succeeded in resisting the flood and a big concrete grain elevator, which for a day or two stood in a sea of mud and water, was found undamaged when the flood receded. Naturally the breakage of water mains and local blocking of the sewers added to the difficulties of existence in the flooded district, but gas and electric light service continued, in part at least, in residential districts above flood level.

Measures to prevent the occurrence of a similar disaster were set on foot and local interests sought the coöperation of the U. S. Reclamation Service in a plan to construct a storage reservoir for irrigation water 8 miles above the city of Pueblo. The Reclamation Service began an investigation of such a project, looking up a survey that was made several years previously.

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, FLOOD. The city of San Antonio suffered from the most extensive and destructive flood in its history during the night of September 9 and the early morning hours of Sept. 10, 1921. After 24 hours of almost continuous rain, a heavy storm broke in the evening of September 9, accompanied by heavy rain from 7 to 9 p. m. In the city itself during the twentyfour hours preceding the flood there was a total rainfall of approximately 8 in., while a few hours previous to the heaviest of this rain the valley of the Olmos Creek, which empties into the San

Antonio river at the city line, had experienced some 131⁄2 in. of rain in even less time. About midnight the resulting torrent further increased by the heavy local rain swept down upon the centre of the city so that by 2 a. m. of September 10 a section six miles long and from one-third to one mile wide was under water. Water to a depth of from 3 to 10 feet covered practically the entire business district, while about two square miles of residence section also were inundated.

The total property loss was estimated at about $10,000,000.

Like many other American cities San Antonio in 1921 had practically no protection against cloudbursts, and the lesson was sufficient to lead to measures for the construction of a detention reservoir above the city to regulate the flow of flood waters so that they could be confined to a definite channel, and the excess permitted to run off in subsequent hours or days. This dam was estimated to probably cost in the neighborhood of $2,000,000.

PHOENIX, ARIZONA, FLOOD. A section of the western portion of Phoenix, Ariz., from two to ten blocks wide, on the night of August 21, was flooded by water originating in Cave Creek. No lives were lost and the principal damage was to the state capitol, where water stood about 21⁄2 ft. deep on the first floor, though many private residences suffered severely, the property damage being estimated at $300,000. Considerable damage also was done to cattle and crops of ranchers living to the north of the city.

Cave Creek, responsible for the flood, drains an area of 200 sq. mi., and from a point about 12 miles north of Phoenix flows through no defined channel. With average rains the waters spread over a delta and find their way through the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association canals to the Salt and Gila rivers, but not infrequently these canals have been broken through and with areas flooded when there were heavy rains.

After two days of unusually heavy rain, an unusually heavy runoff took place, which Cave Creek was unable to handle. The flood waters overflowed the Arizona Canal, which has a flood capacity of 800 sec.-ft., 8 miles from Phoenix and later overflowed the Grand Canal, parallel to and 5 mi. south of the Arizona Canal. This canal has a flood capacity of 600 sec.-ft. In the early evening the flood reached Phoenix, and reached its maximum there at 10 p. m., receding by the following morning.

As a result the city voted bonds for $100,000, to be supplemented by amounts from the county of Maricopa, the State, the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association and other interests, to an aggregate of $400,000 to institute protection against Cave Creek floods, but no definite announcement had been made of the engineering plans.

DECEMBER FLOODS. Late in December heavy rains in the State of California have caused the railroads considerable damage and inconveniences. San Diego, Calif., was completely isolated on December 25 for several days as it was necessary to suspend traffic on both the Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe and the San Diego & Arizona on December 25. A washout in the Santa Fe cost 1000 ft. of track and roadway near Sorrento, and there were small washouts at several other points, while the bridge over the San Diego river was

threatened. High water in the Ohio region caused the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Southern and the Baltimore & Ohio to abandon the Central Union station at Cincinnati temporarily and service could not be resumed, except for one or two local trains operated on a track above the water line, until December 28. The railroads at Cincinnati and at other points on the river experienced considerable inconvenience from the high water rather than actual damage.

CANADIAN FLOODS. During the week of October 23, heavy rains resulted in serious flood damage to the Canadian railroads in the vicinity of Vancouver, B. C., in the Cascade Mountains. At Coquitlan, B. C., 17 miles east of Vancouver, two 80-ft. spans of the Canadian Pacific bridge across the Coquitlan river were carried out, while the Coquitlan terminal, the freight terminal for Vancouver, was entirely under water. Slides and washouts in the Fraser river canyon held up transportation through the canyon, and damage was recorded at Yale Creek, where one pier of a bridge was carried out. At a point 17 miles east of North Bend a small lake in the mountain overflowed, flooding the tracks, and carrying out the fill for a distance of 200 ft. to a maximum depth of 110 ft., and making it necessary to detour traffic over the Great Northern, to Huntington, B. C. On the Kettle Valley line washouts and slides in Coquihalla Pass held up transportation on October 28; slides and washouts in the Fraser Valley held up operation on the Canadian National on October 29, with serious damage at Lytton, B. C. There was reported serious damage to the Pacific Great Eastern between Clinton, B. C., and Squamish. These various mishaps put sections of line out of operation for from two days to two weeks. See DAMS.

FLORIDA. POPULATION. According to the report of the census of 1920, there were 968,470 residents in the State, Jan. 1, 1920, as compared with 752,619 in 1910.

AGRICULTURE. The following table is compiled from the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, covering the years 1920 and 1921:

These figures do not include drains or levees installed by individual farm owners supplemental to the works of the enterprises, nor the works of flood-protection or levee districts that had not undertaken the construction of ditches or tile drains. The cost of nine locks and dams completed in the state canals in the Everglades Drainage District, amounting to about $278,000, and of two others under construction is included in the cost of the enterprises. The principal crops grown on the drained land in drainage enterprises were potatoes and other vegetables.

MANUFACTURES. The census of the manufactures, 1919, like that of 1914, excluded the hand trades, the building trades, and the neighborhood industries, and took account only of establishments conducted under the factory system. A comparative summary for the State for 1914 and 1919 follows:

levied, revenue therefrom to be used for building and maintenance of State Highways. This latter act was fought in the courts. Appropriation of $250,000 made for enlarging and remodeling capitol building. Act to punish passing worthless checks. Constitutional amendment submitted, to be voted upon in the election in November, 1922, providing for a reapportionment of legislative representation, largely increasing the membership of both senate and house. Seven new counties created by carving from old counties.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court, Chief Justice, Jefferson B. Browne; Associated Justices, James B. Whitfield; Thomas F. West, William H. Ellis; R. Fenwick Taylor.

OFFICERS. Governor, Cary A. Hardee; Secretary of State, H. Clay Crawford; Comptroller, Ernest Amos; Treasurer, John C. Luning; Attorney General, Rivers H. Buford; Superintendent of

Per cent of increase 1 1914-1919

Number of establishments.

Persons engaged in manufactures. Proprietors and firm members.. Salaried employees....

Wage earners (average number). Primary horsepower...

Capital..

Services.

Salaries..

Wages..

Materials..

Value of products...

1 A minus sign (-) denotes decrease.

The increase in Florida seem to be explained by the large increase shown in the shipbuilding industry. The value of products in this industry amounted to $804,000 in 1914 and $32,662,000 in 1919. Fertilizer plants, lumber, and timber, and turpentine also show considerable increases.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The State institutions are: Institute for Deaf, Dumb, and Blind at St. Augustine; Hospital for the Insane at Chattahoochee; Industrial School for Boys at Marianna; Reform School for Delinquent Girls at Ocala; Prison Farm at Raiford; Home for Feeble-minded and Epileptics at Gainesville.

LEGISLATION. The session of 1921 enacted a law putting the pay of county officers on a graduated fee system, greatly reducing their remuneration. License tax on automobiles changed to a weight basis instead of on horsepower as heretofore. Tax of one cent a gallon on gasoline

2.5 26.6

-2.5

Public Instruction, William N. Sheats; Commissioner of Agriculture, William A. McRae; Auditor (office abolished and duties transferred to office of Comptroller).

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution of the higher education at Gainesville, Fla., founded in 1905. The enrollment for the fall of 1921 was 922 and for the summer session, 780. The faculty numbered 54. Resources for the year were given at $224,354. The library contained 40,000 volumes. Special emphasis is laid on affording facilities for the study of agricultural, scientific, legal, educational, business, and social conditions of the State. President, A. A. Murphree, LL.D.

FLOTILLA LEADERS. See BATTLESHIPS AND OTHER WAR VESSELS.

FLOUR. See AGRICULTURE.

FLUORSPAR. The total quantity of fluorspar

reported as shipped from domestic mines in 1920, according to figures compiled by the United States Geological Survey, was 186,778 short tons, valued at $4,718,547, which shows an increase of 35 per cent in quantity and 34 per cent in value as compared with the figures for 1919. The general average price per ton f. o. b. mines or shipping points for all grades of spar in 1920 was $25.26; in 1919 it was $25.49. The total quantity of merchantable spar recovered in 1920 was 201,372 short tons, an increase of 31 per cent over 1919. Stocks of spar at mines or shipping points, mainly in Illinois and Kentucky, amounted to 41,784 short tons, an increase of 31 per cent over

1919.

FLYING RECORDS. See AERONAUTICS. FOCH, FERDINAND. Marshal of France, delegate to the Disarmament Conference at Washington, arrived in New York City, October 28. The part he played in the late war has been sufficiently described in preceding YEAR BOOKS and the present article is confined to a sketch of his life and a brief mention of his military principles. He was born, Aug. 4, 1851, at Tarbes, France, the son of the secretary-general of the prefecture; studied at the lycée there and at Rodez. In 1867 he entered the college of Saint Michel directed by the Jesuits, and afterwards the college of Saint Clément at Metz. At an early age he showed an aptitude for mathematics although he was also an enthusiastic student of history; and he made up his mind at an early age to become a soldier. He entered the Polytechnic School in 1871 and studied afterwards at the Cavalry School at Saumur. In 1884 he was received at the war school; in 1891 he became chief of squadron and in 1896 adjunct-professor of strategy and general tactics at the war school, rising to the rank of lieutenantcolonel two years later. He was an energetic and successful teacher and felt much regret at being obliged to leave this work on account of changes in administration of the war school in 1901. Placed in command of the 35th Regiment at Vannes in 1903 he performed his duties with marked fidelity and in 1907 was appointed brigadier-general. Soon afterwards he was called to the direction of the war school. This work he took up with great enthusiasm, believing that in respect to the higher military studies the French were behind the Germans and resolving to improve instruction to the utmost. In 1911 he was placed in command of the 13th division at Chaumont and shortly afterwards of the 20th division at Nancy. He was still at this post when the war broke out.

He had made a reputation for himself as a military scholar and teacher, having published two books that were regarded as standard works, namely, The Principles of War, and The Conduct of War. These two volumes were a condensation of his lectures at the war school. One of the main features of his military teachings was that any theory of war was false if it took account only of material factors. It must take account in full measure of the moral and intellectual qualities of men, for war was not an exact science but a drama. Inasmuch as knowledge was essential to success, hard study was required of all officers. Only a man of genius, who of course was an exception, could trust to inspiration to carry him through difficulties. He reduced the art of war to these three principles: Preparation;

formation of mass; the possibility of multiplying the effect of mass by impulsion. In modern fighting, order and method were employed in the direction of masses by the application of the principle of economy of forces, combining the mass in such a manner as to bring the requisite number to the chosen point of attack. To accomplish this, it was necessary to have liberty of action and this must be obtained by intellectual discipline. In war-time aside from the commander-in-chief, there were only the subordinate officers, each one of whom must think first of all of obedience, but obedience in view of unnumerable unforeseen circumstances was a matter of great difficulty. To overcome this difficulty there was need of an exact discipline of spirit and intelligence. The successful general was first of all a man of character and secondly a man capable of understanding problems and making the necessary combinations in order to carry out instructions. Discipline for a general does not mean that he should execute his orders merely in the measure that seems proper or even possible. It means that he must actually participate in the thought and the point of view of the superior officer, who has given him the order to execute. These and his many other principles were all illustrated by appeals to the history of war, his writings and lectures being especially rich in concrete illustrations from the campaigns of Napoleon and other great generals of the past. He had unfailing enthusiasm for teaching and devoted himself to the work with extraordinary energy. The influence that he exerted on his pupils was remarkable.

After the war his influence was exerted in favor of extreme watchfulness against Germany, and he believed that the safety of France depended on her retaining a firm hold of the Rhine. He traveled widely in the United States visiting the principal cities, and was everywhere received with great enthusiasm.

FOERSTER, WILHELM. See NECROLOGY. FOG SIGNALS. See LIGHTHOUSES. FOLKLORE. See ANTHROPOLOGY. FONTAINEBLEAU CONSERVATORY. MUSIC, General News.

See

FOOD. See articles on agricultural subjects and FOOD AND NUTRITION.

FOOD AND NUTRITION. On the whole, food conditions during the year tended to become more normal. In the United States the downward trend in wholesale prices noted in the latter part of 1920 continued during the first half of 1921, followed by comparatively small reactions upward through the fall, while at the end of the year prices were again slowly receding. On Dec. 23, 1921, Bradstreet's reported as its weekly food index figure, based on wholesale prices of 31 standard food articles, $2.95, as compared with $3.51 for the corresponding week of the previous year. This was approximately comparable with the price level of 1916 and was only about 20 per cent higher than that of 1914. During 1921 wheat flour declined from $8.50 to $5.75 per barrel; dressed beef and pork from 18 and 16.5 cents per pound, respectively, to 12.5 and 12 cents; butter from 57.5 to 47 cents; lard from 17.25 to 9.4 cents; sugar from 8.75 to 5.2 cents; and salt from 1.13 to 0.93 cents per pound. Other commodities showed similar reductions, except milk, mackerel, coffee, tea, apples, and