one for Religious Education and Young People's work in the South. Church building had begun to revive and plans were under way at several points for the erection of new church buildings. Notwithstanding a general financial depression the Convention Secretary's office received a larger number of remittances than in the preceding year, and receipts increased 46 per cent over 1920. The general receipts for the Home Mission Department were also larger than last year.

The official organ of the denomination is the Herald of Gospel Liberty. The Department of Missions issues the Christian Missionary.

CHRISTMAS ISLAND. An island in the Indian ocean annexed to the settlement of Singapore in 1900, lying two hundred miles to the southwest of Java; area, about 43 square miles; population in 1918, 2281. It is known for its extensive deposits of phosphate of lime, in the working of which most of the inhabitants are engaged, and which constitutes almost the sole source of the island's wealth. The exports of phosphate of lime in 1919 were 68,621 tons. The tonnage of ships entered and cleared in that year was 81,197.

CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA, FEDERAL COUNCIL OF. See FEDERAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA.

CHURCHILL, LADY RANDOLPH. Widow of Lord Randolph Churchill, died suddenly as the result of a fall in London, June 29. She was an American by birth, being the daughter of Leonard Jerome of New York, born in 1854. Many years of her girlhood were passed abroad and she was in Paris on the approach of the siege of 1870 but escaped in the last train. She served with her husband, Lord Randolph Churchill, whom she married in 1874, in his many political and social interests, but was especially known as a social leader. She aided Lord Randolph by her activities in the Primrose League and she exerted a strong influence on her son, Winston Churchill. During the Boer War she raised money in the United States for the equipment of the Maine as a hospital ship and was the head of the executive that directed its operations. Her literary interests were extensive and she founded, owned, and edited the Anglo Saxon Review. She wrote a volume of Reminiscences (1908) and of essays, Small Talks on Great Subjects (1916), and she tried her hand at the drama. Five years after the death of Lord Randolph Churchill she married Mr. George Cornwallis West from whom she was divorced in 1913. In 1918 she married Mr. Montague Porch. By Lord Randolph Churchill she had two sons, Mr. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill and Mr. John Spencer Churchill.

CHURCH OF ENGLAND. See ENGLAND, CHURCH OF.

CHURCH OF GOD. See ADVENTISTS. CHURCH OF THE NEW JERUSALEM. See NEW JERUSALEM, CHURCH OF.

CINCINNATI, UNIVERSITY OF. A co-educational and municipal institution situated in Cincinnati; founded in 1871. In the autumn regular session there were enrolled 3956 students of whom 1832 were in the Liberal Arts College; 971 in the Engineering College; 359 in Teacher's College; 228 in the Medical College; and 145 in the Graduate School. In the summer session of 1921 the enrollment was 934 students. The faculty numbered 383. Besides the departments

above mentioned there are an evening Commerce College, a College of Law, and a nursing and health department. The endowment was given at $4,120,352 and the income (1920) at $1,300,590. The library contained 96,607 volumes. In the course of the year a department of leather research was added. Among the gifts received were included a gift to create a professorship in surgical anatomy and a gift to establish a scholarship. President, Frederick Charles Hicks. CINCINNATI SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA. See MUSIC, Novelties.

CITY GOVERNMENT. See MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

CITY MANAGER PLAN. See MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

CITY PLANNING. Both interest and achievement continued active in this field as is witnessed by additional state legislation authorizing city planning and zoning, the creation of additional city plan commissions and of commissions whose powers are confined to zoning alone; progress in formulating new city plans and in execution of those already adopted; publicity and educational work directed both to the general public and to specialists; and most notably of all in the large number of zoning plans and ordinances adopted or got under way. In England unemployment relief work was coupled with improvement in the city plan with special reference to bettering major street plans by opening up dead ends and widening streets in order to afford both radial and circumferential or ring thoroughfares. Joint undertakings that were inter-municipal or interstate in scope were initiated or carried forward. Notable among these were popular votes creating Metropolitan or joint park districts, a continuation of studies of the Port of New York Authority under a treaty entered into by the States of New York and New Jersey; the beginning of the construction of a vehicular tunnel between New York City and Jersey City by commissions created by each of the two States concerned under the same general scheme of interstate coöperation as has been followed for years by the Interstate Palisades Park Commission of the same two States; and the bringing to the contract stage of a part of the construction of the Philadelphia-Camden bridge over the Delaware river-another example of interstate coöperation.

Using as a basis a bulletin entitled "Municipal Accomplishment in City Planning, edited by Miss Theodora Kimball, librarian of the Harvard School of Landscape Architecture, Jacob L. Crane, Jr., summarized various phases of city planning activity in Engineering News Record, Sept. 29, 1921. It thus appears that the 15 largest cities in the United States and 57 out of the 100 largest had done something in the city planning line up to the close of 1920. Of 113 cities where some city planning had been done, 62 had municipal plan commissions or something of that nature; but in many instances the work had been carried on by citizens' committees or civic organizations. Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and California lead in the number of city plan commissions established and in the amount of planning work actually undertaken; but it should be noted that Massachusetts has a state law compelling all cities and all "towns" of considerable size to establish plan commissions, while Pennsylvania some years ago enacted legislation that favored city planning.

Massachusetts now has a Division of Housing and Town Planning in the State Department of Public Welfare and Pennsylvania has a Division of City Planning and Municipal Engineering in its Department of Internal Affairs. These appear to be the only two American States that have themselves taken up city planning work, although many have now authorized their municipalities to do so. In Canada nearly, if not quite, all the provinces have established bureaus or divisions of city planning and the Dominion Government has also carried on work of the sort through its Conservation Commission. Mr. Crane's summary of Miss Kimball's data shows further that of the cities in which some city planning work has been done, a landscape architect has been employed either alone or in conjunction with some other expert in 45 instances and an engineer in 32 cases and an architect in 18, while in 22 instances the title given has been "civic expert," which generally means a specialist in city planning studies. In 20 of the instances where engineers were employed, these were taken from the city's own department. Supplementing Miss Kimball's data it may be stated that it is becoming more and more common for cities to train members of their engineering staffs to city planning work, or to engage an engineering specialist for that purpose where one is not already available within some city department. A later survey of city planning in the United States, also by Miss Kimball, appears in the National Municipal Review for January, 1922, where there was so much to chronicle for 1920-21 that the author was unable to do more than to give references to various published reports. Miss Kimball states that more than 30 American commonwealths now have laws relating to some phase of city planning; and that within the last year or two laws on city planning and zoning were enacted in Rhode Island, Connecticut, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, Missouri, and Texas.

COMPOSITION OF CITY PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSIONS. In the New Municipal Programme of the National Municipal League it was recommended that city planning commissions should be composed of city officials and citizens, the former being in the majority. The City Planning Commission at Indianapolis, created in 1921, consists of nine members, of which five are citizens and four are city officials, the latter being the president of the Board of Park Commissioners and Public Works, a member of the City Council and the City Engineer. The new City Planning Commission of Columbus, Ohio, has the City Engineer and the Director of Public Service among its members and also as citizen members a professor of municipal engineering at the University of Ohio, the president of the Columbus Real Estate Board, an architect and a newspaper publisher. At Baltimore the new Zoning Commission consists of the chief engineer of the city, the chief engineer of the Baltimore Topographical Survey Commission, the city building inspector and the president of the Roland Park Company and three other citizens. The Roland Park Company has done notable planning work in connection with an extensive real estate development. The Topographical Survey Commission has been in existence for many years and its work has been largely of the city planning order. When the mayor appointed the Baltimore Zoning Commission he

announced that he expected later on to ask the Engineers Club of Baltimore, the Baltimore chapter of the American Institute of Architects and other organizations particularly interested in zoning and city planning to serve as members of an Advisory Zoning Commission. The Chicago Zoning Commission, appointed July 28 under an ordinance passed a year or so earlier, has 22 members. It is headed by the City Commissioner of Buildings. Other city officials on the commission are the Chairman of the Board of Local Improvements, the Commissioner of Health, the Chairman of the Chicago City Plan Commission, the corporation counsel and eight aldermen. Among the citizen members of the commission are two engineers and one architect. A zoning specialist was chosen before the end of the year and several field parties set to work. As noted elsewhere in this article and in earlier ones in the INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK, city planning has been taken up nationally in various countries of the world. Not until 1921 was it recognized in the United States except in connection with the government housing operations during the war. In 1921 the United States Department of Commerce established a Division of Building and Housing with John M. Dries as chief, and created a zoning commission to act in conjunction with Mr. Dries as follows: Louis A. Moses, National Association of Real Estate Boards; J. Horace MacFarland, American Civic Association; Nelson P. Lewis, National City Planning Conference of the National Municipal League, and formerly chief engineer of the Board of Estimates in New York City; Lawrence Veiller, National Housing Association; and Morris Knowles, consulting engineer, Pittsburg, formerly connected with Federal housing work; Edward M. Bassett, chairman of the late zoning commission of New York City and now counsel of the New York Zoning Committee, a private organization to aid in the enforcement of the zoning ordinance; Frederick Law Olmstead, president, Society of Landscape Architects; and John Ihlder, manager, Civic Development Department of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. This committee had already held two meetings by the end of November and was engaged in the preparation of a digest of state and city legislation on zoning as a basis for suggestions on the subject to be sent out by Secretary Hoover.

CITIES THAT HAVE ADOPTED OR ARE WORKING ON ZONING: A list of 44 cities that have already passed zoning ordinances and 75 more that were working on zoning, compiled by Charles B. Ball, chief sanitary inspector, Department of Health, Chicago, appeared in the National Real Estate Journal of Nov. 7, 1921, and is reprinted herewith. Other cities have started work since that date and very likely some are quite unintentionally omitted from the list. Of the 44 adoptions, Neenah, Wis., is credited with having been first, in 1915; New York City second, July 25, 1916, followed in October of the same year by Racine, Wis. There were only two adoptions in 1916, one in 1917, three in 1918, seven in 1919, while in 1920 the number rose to fifteen and for the first ten months of 1921 there were already fourteen adoptions. The date of adoption for one city is not given, but it was probably 1921. In point of influence, both because of the ever-growing character of the study and the size and importance

of the city, New York City has led in zoning. By States California and New Jersey lead in number of cities that have adopted zoning ordinances, each having twelve cities, and are followed by New York State with six adoptions. By zoning projects pending in 1921, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Ohio lead with 15, 11, and 7 cities, respectively. By total action (ordinances adopted or pending in 1921) New Jersey leads with 23 cities and is followed by Massachusetts with 16 and California with 14. Beside the cities in the list of pending projects it is known that Worcester, Mass., took up zoning studies late in 1921.

WHAT CITY ZONING IS. Zoning is that part of city planning that prescribes by city ordinance supplemented by maps or plans the uses to which land and buildings may be put in various parts of a city, the height to which buildings may be carried and the percentage of the area of the lot which may be built upon. Practice shows that districting would be a better term than zoning and sometimes the terms use, height, and area districts are employed. There is a considerable tendency for some of the districts to have a geographical relation to each other that might be properly put under the term "zone" since the business section, for instance, is likely to be at the centre of the city and the residence district further out along radial lines, and there may be the same general relationship between the industrial and the residence districts. In large cities there may be main and minor business and industrial districts, each with its outlying residence districts. Resident districts are generally subdivided, at least to the extent of single or single and two family and apartment or tenement house districts. Under "use" manufacturing is generally excluded from business districts and it is common to divide the industrial or manufacturing districts into light and heavy, or in accordance with the degree of noise and nuisance that may be created by the industries permitted. In the early days of zoning there were separate maps for at least three main classes of use, height, and area districts, but later, and particularly in the last year or two, it has become common to make one map serve to show all three classes and even the sub-classes of districts by a skillful use of different symbols or shadings, combined where necessary with textual definitions. The use of a single map is a great convenience, although when the city is large in area or the district classification is complex several maps on a larger scale may be necessary. The use of the term "police power' as applied to zoning means the surrender of individual rights for the benefit of the general health and welfare of the community, without compensation, differing in this latter respect from the exercise of eminent domain or condemnation, in which compensation is paid to the owner for property taken. The exercise of the police or community welfare power rather than the right of eminent domain has the advantage of great flexibility and is far more practicable in various ways. Taking of property by condemnation or eminent domain has a very strong tendency to crystallization or fixedness of use since by this means the use of property in a given district could not be changed to meet changing conditions without all the delay incident to condemnation proceedings and compensation to the property owners every time the use in a given district was changed. The same would also apply to changes in height or area

districts. There is, however, a Minnesota statute that provides for a limited application of zoning by means of condemnation procedure. Zoning ordinances often provide for boards of appeal to settle disputed points and provision is usually made for changes in zoning or districting by the amendment of the ordinance, on petition of interested parties and after public notice and hearings. In December, 1921, a session of the New York City Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers was given up to addresses and discussions on the benefits that have followed the adoption of the New York City zoning ordinance. The meeting will be reported in the 1922 Proceedings of the Society.

SOME RECENT ZONING ORDINANCE PROVISIONS. The zoning ordinance for Cleveland Heights, Ohio, described in the ordinance as "a residential suburb of the city of Cleveland having no steam railroads within its corporate limits and no industrial plants therein," certified to the City Council by the City Planning and Zoning Commission June 6, 1921, and adopted by the City Council August 2, 1921, provides for five use, three height, and four area districts, as follows: Single family, two family, apartment house, local retail and commercial use district; two and a half stories, four stories, and 100-foot height districts; and area districts having respectively an allowance of 5000 sq. ft., 2500, 1250, and 625 sq. ft. per family-this being a variation from the more usual provision establishing the percentage of the area of the lot that may be built upon in these area districts. The abbreviations U, H, and A are used on the map for use, height, and area districts respectively with sub-numerals 1,2, etc., for the various subdivisions in each class. Unless otherwise specified, the A, area districts and H height districts are in U1 use districts, and so on through the several subdivisions. The detail into which zoning ordinances sometimes go is illustrated by the fact that for even so small a suburban residence district as Cleveland Heights the ordinance fills a pamphlet of 16 pages and is supplemented by a folding map. For a second illustration of a zoning ordinance for a suburban town, adopted in 1921, Montclair, N. J., may be taken. Here the provisions of the ordinance centre on the definitions and descriptions placed upon use districts, and such height and area restrictions as are made are laid down under the provisions of each use district instead of under separate provisions for these two classes of districts. Eight use zones are established. Of these six are for residences, one for business, and one is an industrial zone. The six residence zones are classified as (1) villa, (2) suburban, (3) two-family detached houses, (4) two-family semi-detached, (5) apartment house No. 1, (6) apartment house No. 2. In all six residence zones "no building shall be used and no building shall be erected which is arranged, intended or designed to be used," except the following: dwellings or tenements (in these the occupants may have offices for the practice of medicine or surgery, arts and music); boarding houses; hotels; churches; schools, libraries or public museums; hospitals and sanitariums; private clubs; philanthropic or eleemosynary uses or institutions, other than correctional; railroad passenger stations; farming, truck gardening, nurseries, or greenhouses, and certain restricted accessory uses to the above, including garage or group of garages for three motor vehicles or less.