PRIVATE

SAILORS SHOULD AVOID NICARAGUAN TERRITORIAL WATERS.
VESSELS WHICH ENTER NICARAGUAN WATERS WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION MAY
BE SEIZED, HELD, AND FINED BY NICARAGUAN NAVAL AUTHORITIES.

PASSPORT REQUIREMENTS: AMERICAN CITIZENS ARE REQUIRED TO HAVE A
PASSPORT VALID FOR AT LEAST SIX MONTHS BEYOND THE TRAVELER'S DATE
OF ARRIVAL IN NICARAGUA. PERSONS WHOSE PASSPORTS ARE NOT VALID
FOR AT LEAST SIX MONTHS BEYOND THE DATE OF ARRIVAL RISK
DEPORTATION, OR AT THE VERY LEAST, AIRPORT DELAYS OF SEVERAL
HOURS. NO ENTRY VISA IS REQUIRED OF AMERICAN CITIZENS COMING FOR
PRIVATE VISITS ON TOURIST PASSPORTS FOR UP TO THIRTY DAYS. A
VISITOR IS AUTHORIZED TO STAY THIRTY DAYS IN NICARAGUA, AND MAY
APPLY FOR A SIXTY-DAY EXTENSION BY SUBMITTING AN APPLICATION,
ACCOMPANIED BY A STATEMENT OF GOOD CONDUCT ISSUED BY THE POLICE
STATION NEAREST ONE'S HOTEL OR TEMPORARY LODGING, TO THE
IMMIGRATION AUTHORITIES. FOREIGNERS WISHING TO REMAIN IN
NICARAGUA FOR MORE THAN NINETY DAYS MUST APPLY FOR RESIDENCY.
VISITORS WHO OVERSTAY THEIR ALLOTTED TIMES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE
UNDOCUMENTED ALIENS AND ARE SUBJECT TO ARREST.

CURRENCY EXCHANGE: ALL VISITORS MUST EXCHANGE U.S. SIXTY DOLLARS
INTO LOCAL CURRENCY AT THE OFFICIAL RATE [ABOUT 70 CORDOBAS TO
ONE DOLLAR] AT THE PORT OF ENTRY. SUBSEQUENT CONVERSIONS OF CASH
OR TRAVELER'S CHECKS MAY BE MADE AT THE GOVERNMENT AUTHORIZED
PARALLEL RATE OF ABOUT 3000 CORDOBAS TO ONE DOLLAR AT THE
AUTHORIZED CURRENCY EXCHANGE FACILITY IN MANAGUA. MAJOR HOTELS
IN MANAGUA, ALONG WITH A NUMBER OF SMALLER HOTELS AND HOSTELS,
CHARGE FOREIGNERS IN U.S. DOLLARS. VISITORS SHOULD TAKE TO
NICARAGUA SUFFICIENT CASH AND TRAVELER'S CHECKS TO COVER THEIR
EXPENSES. CREDIT CARDS, PERSONAL CHECKS AND OTHER FINANCIAL
INSTRUMENTS ARE NOT RECOGNIZED OR ACCEPTED AT MOST HOTELS,
RESTAURANTS OR BANKS IN NICARAGUA.

WHILE COMMERCIAL BANK TRANSFERS FOR PAYMENT IN DOLLARS ARE VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO ARRANGE, THE GOVERNMENT-AFFILIATED EXCHANGE FACILITY IN MANAGUA WILL ACCEPT TRANSFERS FOR DISBURSEMENT [HALF IN DOLLARS AND HALF IN LOCAL CURRENCY] AT THE OFFICIALLY SANCTIONED PARALLEL RATE. THE INTERCONTINENTAL AND THE CAMMO REAL HOTELS IN NICARAGUA OFFER EXCHANGE SERVICES FOR THEIR GUESTS. OTHER HOTELS DO NOT. THE UNOFFICIAL SALE OR PURCHASE OF LOCAL CURRENCY IS A VIOLATION OF NICARAGUAN LAW AND MAY RESULT IN PROSECUTION.

THE COLLAPSE OF THE NICARAGUAN ECONOMY DURING RECENT YEARS HAS CONTRIBUTED TO A RISE IN CRIME, ESPECIALLY PETTY THEFT. GREAT CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN IN PROTECTING ONE'S PERSONAL EFFECTS, ESPECIALLY ON MANAGUA'S OVERCROWDED PUBLIC BUSES.

DUAL NATIONALS: THE GOVERNMENT OF NICARAGUA NOW STRICTLY ENFORCES THE 1981 NICARAGUAN NATIONALITY LAW, WHICH PROVIDES THAT ALL PERSONS BORN IN NICARAGUA, EXCEPT THE CHILDREN OF DIPLOMATS ACCREDITED TO NICARAGUA AT THE TIME OF THE CHILD'S BIRTH, ARE NICARAGUAN CITIZENS. IN ADDITION, PERSONS BORN OUTSIDE NICARAGUA TO AT LEAST ONE NICARAGUAN PARENT MAY ALSO BE CONSIDERED TO BE CITIZENS OF NICARAGUA. NICARAGUAN IMMIGRATION AUTHORITIES OFTEN REQUIRE PERSONS WITH NICARAGUAN CITIZENSHIP, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY ENTERED NICARAGUA WITH A U.S. PASSPORT, TO OBTAIN NICARAGUAN PASSPORTS BEFORE LEAVING THE COUNTRY. THIS APPLICATION PROCESS MAY TAKE SEVERAL MONTHS. YOUNG MEN MUST USUALLY REGISTER WITH THEIR LOCAL DRAFT BOARDS BEFORE THEY APPLY FOR THEIR NICARAGUAN PASSPORT. ONCE THE PASSPORT IS ISSUED, THE DUAL NATIONAL MUST OBTAIN AN EXIT VISA.

MALE DUAL NATIONALS OF MILITARY AGE: AMERICAN CITIZENS WHO MAY ALSO HAVE NICARAGUAN NATIONALITY, ESPECIALLY MALES 15 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER, SHOULD CONSIDER VERY CAREFULLY ANY PLANS TO TRAVEL TO NICARAGUA. AT PRESENT, DUAL NATIONALS OF MILITARY AGE WHO RESIDE OUTSIDE OF NICARAGUA ARE EXEMPT FROM ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE. DUAL NATIONALS WHO REMAIN IN NICARAGUA BEYOND THE NINETY-DAY PERIOD OF STAY AUTHORIZED FOR FOREIGNERS MAY BE CONSIDERED RESIDENTS OF NICARAGUA AND CALLED FOR ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE. THERE HAVE BEEN UNFORTUNATE CASES OF MILITARY AGE DUAL NATIONAL MALES VISITING NICARAGUA WHO HAVE BEEN REQUIRED TO ACQUIRE A NICARAGUAN PASSPORT TO DEPART AND WHOSE DEPARTURE HAS BEEN DELAYED.

RENUNCIATION OF NICARAGUAN CITIZENSHIP IS NOT EFFECTIVE UNTIL THE
RENUNCIATION IS ACCEPTED BY THE COMPETENT AUTHORTITIES IN
MANAGUA. FURTHER INFORMATION CONCERNING NICARAGUAN CITIZENSHIP
LAWS AND MILITARY SERVICE REQUIREMENTS MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE
EMBASSY OF NICARAGUA IN WASHINGTON D.C.

EXPIRATION DATE: APRIL 23, 1988.

APPENDIX 3

MEDICAL AFFIDAVIT OF SUSAN TAKARO COOKSON, M.D.

I, Susan Takaro Cookson, am a physician graduated from the University of North Carolina and licensed by the Oregon Board of Medical Examiners. I have been living in Nicaragua for six months sponsored by the Unitarian Universalist Service Committee. Along with my husband, Dr. Timothy Takaro, we attend a tuberculosis clinic as well as perfora public health and epidemiological work and studies.

The following examination of the body of Benjamin Ernest Linder was performed at 0100 on April 29, 1987, during preparation of the body for wake. Examination of the head revealed an irregularly shaped lesion, 5 mm by 8 mm in the right temporal area. Scalp flap sutured close to the hairline covered the left parietal veripital region, which upon palpation revealed complete absence of the left sccipital portion of the cranium. The area of destruction was massive and irregular in shape with the superior dimension 8-10 cm, inferior dimension 5-8 cm, and vertical dimension 8-10 cm. Multiple, uniform punctate lesions of 1-2 mm were found primarily in the right frontal, infraorbital and maxillary regions. A T shaped surgical incision in the thoraco-abdominal region, 20-25 cm wide and 30-35 cm long, with regular running suture` closure was observedes There were no wounds to the chest or abdomen or thighs.

On May 3, 1987, Dr. Takaro and I met with Dr. Valladares, a Nicarag guan physician with two years experience in forensic pathology under the supervision of Dr. Vargas, in regard to the autopsy findings and his discription of their examination and exploration. In particular, he desering ed exploring the right temporal wound. No foreign body was found. Our findings of this lesion are consistent with an entry wound which has been explored. The left parietal occipital destruction is consistent with an exit wound of a high velocity projectile fired at close range. We also discussed with Dr. Valladares the uniform punctate lesions which we too observed. He had explored a few of these small lesions and found no fereign bodies. See accompanied original and translated autopsy report.

With no other significant lesions observed, the cause of death was massive destruction of the brain tissue produced by a high velocity prejectile fired at close range.

Dr. Takaro also examined the body of Mr. Linder and concurs with these findings.

Signed by Susan Takaro Cookson, M.D. in Managua, Nicaragua on the Eight of May, 1987, in the presence of the following witnesses: Margaret C. Campbell, Day Campbell, and Martha Eleanor Cellier..

Martha & Collier

Susan Takaroloskon, ND..

APPENDIX 4

COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE CONTRAS, TRANSLATED AND SUBMITTED BY DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Chapter 1

Offenses

Article 1 Any action or omission for which a description and a punishment are given herein shall constitute an offense.

Article 2 Certain offenses that violate the general principles of humanitarian law of war shall be considered serious offenses and, in such cases, the penalty shall be increased to double that established for other offenses.

Article 3 The following persons shall be governed by this

Code:

a. Members of the Fuerza Democratica Nicaraguense (UNO/FDN) armed forces;

c. Soldiers or fighters from the armed forces in conflict with the UNO/FDN who commit offenses in territories held by the UNO/FDN and under its direct jurisdiction and competence;

d. Civilians who commit offenses in territories held by the UNO/FDN and under its jurisdiction and competence.

Article 4 Conspiracy and the intent to commit an offense shall be punishable in accordance with this Code.

(a) Conspiracy exists whenever two or more persons

act in concert to commit an offense.

(b) Intent exists whenever a person who has decided to commit an offense proposes to one or more persons that they carry it out.

Chapter 2

Circumstances That Alter Criminal Liability

Extenuating Circumstances

Article 5 Extenuating circumstances exist when:

(a) The action was committed in a state of temporary nsanity or in the heat of battle;

(b) The defendant voluntarily turns himself in to his ommander or to the competent authority when he could have fled used some other means to evade justice.

Aggravating Circumstances

Article 6 Aggravating circumstances exist when:

(a) The offense was committed through treachery. Treachery is present when the guilty party commits any of the offenses set forth in this Code using means or methods that are directly and especially intended to ensure that he suffers no personal risk and to leave the victim with no type of defense for his person, his physical or moral integrity, or his property.

(b) The author of the offense acts with obvious

premeditation.

(c) The offense is committed with the help of other persons.

(a) The offense is committed in a deserted place or under cover of night.

(e) The offense is committed by a gang. A "gang" consists of four or more persons working together.

marriage.

before.

(£) The injured party and the offender are related by

(g) The offender has committed the same offense

Chapter 3

Classification of Offenders

Article 7 Liability for an offense is borne by the perpetrator, the accomplice, and the accessory.

Article 8 A perpetrator is anyone who takes a direct part in the commission of an offense or who induces a third party to do so by making use of his authority or ignorance on the part of the actual perpetrator.

Article 9 An accomplice is anyone who cooperates in the commission of an offense by means of acts performed prior to or simultaneously with the offense.

Article 10 An accessory is anyone who, knowing about an offense that has been committed, does not report it to the competent authorities, assists the perpetrator or accomplices in escaping, or conceals them so that they can evade justice.