Publications

demonstrated advantage of the new methodology is the facility for sensitivity analysis of alternative fire protection strategies. NBS-GCR-79-167. Behavioral and physical characteristics of developmentally disabled individuals, C. J. Overboe and Y. Y. Wang, 109 pages (Mar. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB294970.

Key words: ambulatory people; autism; cerebral palsy; deafness; developmentally disabled; epilepsy; fire safety; group homes; handicapped; mental retardation.

A vast body of scientific research exists with regard to the conditions considered as the developmental disabilities. The purpose of this report is twofold. First, it describes the consensus of available research on the functioning capacities of developmentally disabled persons. Second, it represents an effort to present the information in a concise and usable format. The goal of the study is to provide a baseline of information to assist planners, consultants and decision-makers in determining realistic requirements for life safety in community-based group homes for the developmentally disabled.

The paper is divided into three major sections. The first part provides an overview of the concept of developmental disabilities and discusses its prevalence. A section on the individual characteristics of mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and autism is included. The second major part contains two sections. One describes the characteristics found in the current population of group home residents. The next section provides information on individuals presently residing in institutions for the mentally retarded and the developmentally disabled who may form part of the future population in community housing. The last major part provides a summary of descriptive data regarding severely retarded individuals.

NBS-GCR-79-168. Human fatalities from unwanted fires, W. G. Berl and B. M. Halpin, 64 pages (Dec. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB295411.

Key words: alcohol intoxication; autopsy; building fires; cigarettes; death; fire investigations; fire statistics; pathology; toxic gases.

World-wide demographic information on human fire fatalities is reviewed. Particualr emphasis is given to the physical causes and medical consequences of fire fatalities in the State of Maryland, USA, during 1972-1977. The analysis and conclusions are based on investigations of 463 fire deaths. The importance of toxic gases as the cause of death, of cigarettes as one of the principal ignition sources and of alcohol as an important contributing factor is discussed.

The widely differing fire fatality rates among the various States of the U.S. are correlated by means of Ignition and Potentiating Indices which are based, in turn, on a variety of physical, social and economic factors that are responsible for the frequency of unwanted ignition and the likelihood of a fatal

outcome.

NBS-GCR-79-169. Critical evaluation of data for a standard ergonomics reference data system (SERDS), W. H. Teichner and E. Williams, 37 pages (Jan. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB295088.

Key words: anthropometry; data base; engineering psychology; ergonomics; evaluation; human engineering; human factors; human performance; standard reference data.

This report discusses quality control procedures appropriate for a Standard Ergonomics Reference Data System (SERDS). Suggested procedures include maintaining and utilizing existing centers of excellence in specific areas of ergonomics to perform the critical reviews of published research and also produce

handbooks of suggested data collection methodologies. Methodology handbooks would serve not only to maintain quality control for data accepted into SERDS, but would also improve the quality of ergonomic research in general if the suggested methodologies became standard practice for researchers. Problems of data validity, reliability, and sensitivity are discussed. Without reaching any final conclusion because the system is not yet established, suggestions are made to include foreign language experts in evaluation center staffs; to use different quality control levels as a function of the type of ergonomic data being collected; to plan on reconsidering acceptable quality control levels as the amount and quality of data improves in a given area of ergonomics; and to include formal advisory boards to review SERDS operation and quality control procedures. Coding schemes for categorizing data and querying the system are also suggested.

NBS-GCR-79-170. Investigation of moisture measurements, failure rate and leak rate and a study of moisture infusion, R. L. Sulouff, 57 pages (Aug. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB299172.

Key words: accelerated stress test; capillary leaks; corrosion failure; hermeticity; moisture infusion; oxide moisture

sensors.

A preliminary study of the relationships between moisture infusion, leak size, and device reliability has been completed. Two sets of experiments were conducted. In one, packages constructed with a controlled leak and an oxide-type moisture sensor were placed in a controlled humidity environment and the water vapor content measured as a function of time. The packages tested had leak sizes in the range between 10 and 10 atm-cm3/s. The second experiment was a 5,000-h life test in which 186 packages, each of which contained unpassivated 741 operational amplifier chips, were subjected to an atomosphere with 85-percent relative humidity at 85 °C. In this case, the packages had measured leak sizes between 10 and 10 atm cm3/s. The results exhibited a great amount of scatter, both because of the primitive nature of the measurement methods available for use in this type of experiment and because of the large variability in both water vapor infusion and the reactions of water vapor on device surfaces. Nevertheless, it can be safely concluded that present leak rate limits for large packages are not low enough to insure that the maximum permissible moisture level will not be exceeded during a reasonable service life.

NBS-GCR-79-172. Standards systems in Canada, the UK, West Germany, and Denmark: An overview, D. Hemenway, 195 pages (Apr. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB296912.

Key words: antitrust; Canada; certification; Denmark; economics of standards; government policy; international standards; laboratory accreditation; standards systems; United Kingdom; West Germany.

This report provides an overview of the voluntary standards systems of Canada, the UK, West Germany, and Denmark. The immediate purpose is to identify areas where further research might be useful. Ultimately, the aim is to gain a better understanding of national standards systems in other highly industrialized countries. Based on interviews and other research, the author discusses these aspects of the four standards systems: (1) history; (2) organization and finances; (3) standards development; (4) certification and accreditation; (5) international standards work; (6) consumer and labor participation; (7) metric conversion; (8) antitrust aspects; (9) research into economic impacts; (10) the government's use of standards and its role in standards work; and (11) other activities. The author concludes that further research is needed into standards

systems of these and additional countries-for example, Australia, Japan, and Sweden.

NBS-GCR-79-176. Fire protection design standards for buildings and construction, Nat. Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR on Building Construction (GOSSTROY USSR), 36 pages (Sept. 1970). Order from NTIS as PB298901.

Key words: building design; buildings; construction materials; evacuation; exits; fire endurance; fire protection; stairways; standards.

SNIP Chapter II-A.5-70 "Fire Protection Standards for the Design of Buildings and Structures" has been developed by TSNII promzdaniy [Central Scientific Research Institute for Industrial Buildings], Promstroyproyekt [Department of Industrial Building Design] of Gosstroy USSR, TsNIIEP zhilishcha Gosgrazhdanstroy [Central Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Design of Residential Buildings, Department of Public Buildings], and VNIIPO MVD SSSR [All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Fire Protection, Ministry of the Interior, USSR). This Chapter Supercedes SNiP II-A.5-62 "Fire Protection Requirements. Principles of Design."

Key words: breakdown; electro-optics; gas-solid interface;
KDP; Pockels effect; space charge.

This report describes the following activities: (1) analysis of the transverse Pockels effect relevant to the measurements to be made; (2) construction of the test cell and power supplies for vacuum/solid interface measurements; (3) construction of the polarization analyzer; (4) preliminary Pockels effect measurements in KDP; (5) measurement of the special electric field distribution in KDP for dc and pulsed excitation; (6) electrical flashover tests of KDP, LiNbO,, and Plexiglas; and (7) estimation of the surface electric fields for pulsed excitation.

NBS-GCR-79-179. An evaluation of planning and training for fire safety in health care facilities-Phase two, L. Bickman, E. Herz, P. Edelman, and D. Rivers, 179 pages (Aug. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB299023.

Key words: evacuation; fire doors; fire drills; fire extinguishers; fire safety; health care facilities; hospitals; human behavior; nursing homes; nursing staff; training.

Training for fire emergencies has always been assumed to appropriately affect knowledge and behavior. This assumption has not been systematically tested until now. Six nursing homes in Evanston, Illinois, were matched and randomly assigned to experimental and comparison groups. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design was employed to evaluate the impact of training on knowledge (assessed with paper and pencil surveys) and behavior (drill observational assessments) of nursing home staff. Results indicated that training augmented knowledge in the experimental group, as expected. Various threats to the internal and external validity of the design, such. as selection biases, sample attrition and pretesting by treatment interaction effects were ruled out, on a statistical basis, as plausible alternative explanations for the training effect. The results of the fire drill behavior analyses indicated a measurable impact of training on the overall behavior of the experimental group during the post-training fire drills. Several events, or procedures, that should take place during a fire emergency were evaluated on the basis of a content-related scheme and a time-related scheme. Specific behaviors of staff members during the drills were discussed. This study demonstrated that a modest investment in training produced changes in both

knowledge and behavior. However, the impact of the training was not as strong as anticipated. A more detailed study of the various types of training is strongly recommended.

NBS-GCR-79-181. Snow and ice accumulation at solar collector installations in the Chicago metropolitan area, R. B. Corotis, C. H. Dowding, and E. C. Rossow, 109 pages (Oct. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB80-113749.

Key words: building; ice; load; roof; roof load; snow; solar collector; structural engineering.

This report presents observations and data concerning snow and ice on eighteen flat plate solar collector installations in the Chicago area. The data was collected in February and March of 1979, following a record snowfall in January. Nearly all of the installations were on the roofs of buildings, and about half were mounted flush with the roof. The remainder were mounted on racks at an angle to the roof. Sketches and photographs of the buildings and snow accumulation, weather data for the entire winter, and comments of the owners are included, as well as a technique for the extraction of linear measurements from the photographs. A significant observation was that the loss of operation of the solar collectors due to snow covering the collector exceeded two months at several sites. This is apparently due to the heavy snowfall, extreme cold, and lack of manual snow removal capability. Other observations and recommendations concerning functional and structural problems are included in the report.

NBS-GCR-79-182. Comparison of high speed printer interface characteristics, Calculon Corp, 144 pages (July 31, 1979) Order from NTIS as PB298943.

Key words: cable interface; computer; controller; control units; hammer drive; input/output bus; interface; interface signals; I/O interface bus; line printer; print controller; printer.

This report describes and compares the characteristics of the interface between various high speed printers and their control units, for line printers operating at 600 lines per minute and above. It presents the results of an investigation conducted for the National Bureau of Standards in support of the possible development of a Federal Information Processing Standard for the high speed printer device to controller interface. Through textual descriptions and an extensive series of tables, the functional and electrical interface characteristics of the various printer mechanisms are compared.

It is concluded that the high speed printers considered could be placed into three general types according to their arrangement of hammer drive signals, i.e., those with individual hammer drive signals, those with coded hammer address signals, and those which include a line buffer and control electronics within the printer and therefore accept coded data signals representing successive characters in the line to be printed.

Among each of these three types of printers, only the third type exhibits significant commonality of interface among the various printers and suppliers.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-40. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: Municipal watewater treatment facilities. Volume 1, Charles River Associates Inc., 150 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285288.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; municipal wastewater treatment facilities; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

This volume is one of seven case studies conducted under the project Subsidies, Capital Formation, and Technological Change (Volume eight summarizes the policy-relevant findings). The

tools of microeconomic analysis are applied to assess the responsiveness of both the supplier and the user of the subsidized product or service. Particular attention is given to the effects of the subsidies on capital formation and technological change, but general efficiency effects are also considered.

The analysis is confined to the single most important program in this area, namely federal grants to assist in the construction of municipal waste treatment plants as called for in the 1972 Water Quality Amendments.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-41. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: Mass transit. Volume 2, Charles River Associates Inc., 196 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285289.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; mass transit; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

This volume is one of seven case studies conducted under the project Subsidies, Capital Formation, and Technological Change (Volume eight summarizes the policy-relevant findings). The tools of microeconomic analysis are applied to assess the responsiveness of both the supplier and the user of the subsidized product or service. Particular attention is given to the effects of the subsidies on capital formation and technological change, but general efficiency effects are also considered.

Because the bulk of the stimulus to technological change in the transit industry represents a secondary impact, the main focus of this study is on the ways in which the subsidies affect the demand for inputs into the provision of transit service.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-42. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: First generation nuclear power plants. Volume 3, Charles River Associates Inc., 97 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285290.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; nuclear power plants; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

This study identifies the principal forms of government aid to the first-generation nuclear power plants to attempt an assessment of the contribution of each form of aid to the attainment of economical nuclear power and to analyze the more important economic effects of the subsidies, particularly what effects there may have been on capital formation and technological change in the electric utilities and nuclear components industries.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-43. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: Maritime transport. Volume 4, Charles River Associates Inc., 86 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285291.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; maritime transport; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

effects of the subsidies on capital formation and technological change, but general efficiency effects are also considered.

The analysis assesses the impact of the subsidies on the achievement of the goals of national security and several economic objectives.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-44. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: Primary scientific and technical journal publishing. Volume 5, Charles River Associates Inc., 172 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285292.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; journal publishing; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

This study examines the economic effects of subsidization on the publication of primary scientific and technical journals. The major subsidy programs are described and their effects assessed on resource allocation, income distribution and technological change.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-45. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: Health facilities. Volume 6, Charles River Associates Inc., 212 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285293.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; health facilities; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

This study focuses on the Hospital Construction Act of 1946 (the Hill-Burton Act). It analyses the effects of the Act on resource allocation, market structure, investment by hospitals, and the diffusion of technology. The research relies predominantly on information already available in the literature, but some original quantitative research is undertaken.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-46. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: Local air transport. Volume 7, Charles River Associates Inc., 171 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285294.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; local air transport; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

Subsidies for local air transport are analyzed to determine their effects on output levels which in turn may affect aircraft stock levels and consequently the level and rate of capital investment including embodied technological change.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-47. Subsidies, capital formation, and technological change: Summary and conclusions. Volume 8, Charles River Associates Inc., 114 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB285295.

Key words: capital formation; economic growth; public sector efficiency; subsidies; technological change.

This volume summarizes findings and conclusions from seven case studies (volumes one through seven) of the microeconomic impacts of Federal subsidies on the U.S. economy. The case studies provided a cross section of recipient industries and industry segments, industries which supply the recipients, and the industries or consumers who purchase their output. Particular attention is given to the effects of the subsidies on capital formation and technological change. From these case studies, general relationships among subsidies, capital formation, and technological change are inferred. Policy guidelines are developed.

The study found that these relationships are intertwined with the relationships among subsidies, accompanying regulations, and the output and factor mix in the subsidized industry. The subsidies altered the quantity and quality of output in most of the industries studied. In several instances they also altered the mix of factors of production (capital and labor) used to produce this output. These effects of the subsidies in turn altered to varying degrees the rate and direction (or type) of capital formation and technological change in the subsidized industries and their supplying industries.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-49. The influence of defense procurement and sponsorship of research and development on the development of the civilian electronics industry, J. M. Utterback and A. E. Murray, 56 pages (Jan. 1979). Order from NTIS as PB290164.

Key words: Experimental Technology Incentives Program; impact of government on industry; procurement experiments; procurement policy; research and development policy; technological change.

As part of its research program on the commercial impacts of government procurement, the Experimental Technology Incentives Program of the National Bureau of Standards conducted a study of the influence of Department of Defense procurement and sponsorship of research and development on the development of the civilian electronics industry. The goals of the study were to identify the means through which government purchasing and R&D sponsorship may have affected the industry and to discuss the implications for procurement policy experimentation by the Program. Available literature was reviewed and interviews were conducted with industry and government executives. Results have been divided into impacts on technology, which appear to be mostly indirect, and impacts on economics and manpower which are more direct. Characteristics of the industry that may have conditioned the effect of the government actions are also discussed.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-50. Assessing the results of the portable oxygen generator experiment, N. B. McEachron and E. G. Woodward, 79 pages (Oct. 1977). Order from NTIS as PB289886.

Key words: Experimental Technology Incentives Program; portable oxygen generator experiment; procurement policy; two-step prototype procurement; Veteran's Administration. This report is the result of an exploratory evaluation of the portable oxygen generator (POG) procurement experiment conducted by the Veteran's Administration (VA) under the sponsorship of the Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP) of the National Bureau of Standards. The report

is intended for use by procurement policymakers within and outside the VA and ETIP who are concerned with improving procurement practices. The SRI overall assessment is that the VA attempted through this experiment to substantially improve the state of the art for supplying oxygen to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, and that for the most part such an improvement did not occur. However, this attempt has provided useful lessons for the appropriate role of two-step prototype procurement (TSPP) and for the appropriate processes by which specifications should be developed.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-51. Assessing the results of the LCC water heater experiment. Volume I: Main report, N. B. McEachron, D. C. Hall, and L. F. Lewis, 50 pages (Sept. 1977). Order from NTIS as PB291826.

Key words: commercial impacts; Experimental Technology Incentives Program; Federal Supply Service; life cycle costing; procurement of water heaters; technological change. This report presents an exploratory evaluation of the commercial impact of experiments using a life cycle costing (LCC) strategy in the procurement of water heaters; the experiments were conducted by the Federal Supply Service (FSS) and the Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP). The purpose of the evaluation was to answer three questions: 1) What was industry's response to the procurement by FSS, in terms of technological changes in water heaters supplied and subsequently commercialized? 2) How appropriate have FSS methods been for measuring the value of these product changes to the government as user? 3) If the procurement strategy were altered in various ways, what would be the likely changes in these commercial impacts?

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-52. Assessing the results of the LCC water heater experiment. Volume II: Appendices, N. B. McEachron, D. C. Hall, and L. F. Lewis, 139 pages (Sept. 1977). Order from NTIS as PB291827.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-53. Taxonomy of incentive approaches for stimulating innovation, J. Booth, Z. Cook, and A. R. Ferguson, 103 pages (Aug. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB287932.

Key words: air pollution-regulatory policy; economic incentives; Federal funding of civilian R&D; regulatory policy; subsidy policy; technological innovation.

This report consists of a taxonomy of incentive approaches for stimulating technological innovation in the private sector with an example of how the table can be used. The example used is the need to spur new technology for stationary air pollution abatement.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-57. Management of Federal R&D for com

mercialization-Executive summary, N. B. McEachron, H. S. Javitz, D. S. Green, J. D. Logsdon, and E. Milbergs, 19 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB292851.

Key words: commercialization; empirical investigation; ETIP; Federal civilian R&D; implementing; management practices; technological change.

This document is the executive summary of an empirical investigation of federal civilian R&D management practices, conducted by SRI International for the Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP), National Bureau of Standards. The report is addressed to federal civilian policymakers and R&D managers responsible for planning, developing, and implementing R&D programs whose results are intended for eventual commercialization by the nonfederal private sector.

The management of federal R&D intended for commercialization must consider issues of commercial acceptability as well as technical success. It is with these management issues that this report is concerned. Specifically, the purposes of the study was to: Describe current policies and practices of federal agencies regarding the management of federally funded R&D intended for nonfederal application. Develop a set of empirically grounded recommendations for policies and practices that would improve the commercialization of federally funded R&D results.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-58. Management of Federal R&D for commercialization-Final report, N. B. McEachron, H. S. Javitz, D. S. Green, J. D. Logsdon, and E. Milbergs, 143 pages (Sept. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB292852.

Key words: commercialization; empirical investigation; ETIP; Federal civilian R&D; implementing; management practices; technological change.

This document is the final report of an empirical investigation of federal civilian R&D management practices, conducted by SRI International for the Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP), National Bureau of Standards. The report is addressed to federal civilian policy makers and R&D managers responsible for planning, developing, and implementing R&D programs whose results are intended for eventual commercialization by the nonfederal private sector.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-58A. Management of Federal R&D for commercialization—Appendices: Supporting documentation, N. B. McEachron, H. S. Javitz, D. S. Green, J. D. Logsdon, and E. Milbergs, 175 pages (Dec. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB292853.

Key words: commercialization; empirical investigation;
ETIP; Federal civilian R&D; implementing.

This document is the supporting documentation of an empirical investigation of federal civilian R&D management practices, conducted by SRI International for the Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP), National Bureau of Standards. The report is addressed to federal civilian policymakers and R&D managers responsible for planning, developing, and implementing R&D programs whose results are intended for eventual commercialization by the nonfederal private sector.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 78-59. A real-time case history of ETIP Project 67-Integrated utility system application, J. G. Taylor and L. Q. C. Lamar III, 151 pages (Mar. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB292770.

Key words: case study; cogeneration; demonstration project; ETIP; evaluation; information intervention; integrated utility systems.

The major purpose of this report is to provide the real-time case history of ETIP Project 67-Integrated Utility System (IUS) and to provide the information that would permit lessons learned to be derived that, in turn, would be applicable to other ETIP projects.

The Office of Facilities Engineering and Property Management (OFEPM) of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare initiated discussions with ETIP in 1973 to undertake a feasibility study and conceptual design of the Modular Integrated Utilities System (MIUS) for university/medical complexes. These discussions resulted in OFEPM submitting a proposal to ETIP in March 1974 requesting funds for the MIUS Application Project and the transfer of $220,000 by ETIP to OFEPM in June 1974. The IUS concept is on-site integration of five basic utility subsystems that serve building complexes: electrical power generation; heating and cooling; water supply; sewage treatment; and solid waste disposal.

An A&E firm was contracted to conduct another feasibility and conceptual design study for an IUS at a town/university/medical complex.

NBS-GCR-ETIP 79-62. Balancing the objectives of clean air and economic growth: Regulated markets in emission reductions, W. A. Foskett, D. M. Klaus, and J. Haberle, 103 pages (June 1979). Order from NTIS as PB300835.

Key words: administrative experimentation; Environmental Protection Agency; evaluability assessment; Experimental Technology Incentives Program; industrial pollution regulation; market mechanism; offset policy; regulatory policy; technological innovation.

This document reports work in progress toward the evaluation of implementation and effects of market mechanisms for regulation of major stationary sources of air pollution. It is one product of the Regulatory Processes and Effects Project of the Center for Field Methods (ETIP). The broader project, described elsewhere, is attempting to analyze the effects of changes in regulatory processes on industrial innovation. The joint ETIP/EPA project will involve/measure whether regulated markets in emission reductions can balance the objectives of clean air and economic growth by stimulating continual technological innovation in pollution control.

The first chapter introduces and synopsizes the report. The second chapter describes the context in which market mechanisms are being introduced. The third chapter discusses the underlying logic of various market mechanisms and an operating prototype of a market mechanism. The fourth chapter discusses potential effects of market mechanisms on air

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