Disseminates technical information developed at the Bureau on building materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The series presents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and environmental functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements and systems.

BSS75. Building research at the National Bureau of Standards 1968-1974, N. Gallagher, Ed., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 75, 126 pages (Mar. 1979) SN003-003-02029-0.

Key words: building technology; Center for Building
Technology; history of building research.

This report details the progress of building research at the Center for Building Technology from the year 1968 to 1974. Starting with the backlog of needed research in building techniques, components, and materials that faced researchers in the 60's, this history covers the evolution of the performance concept for building specifications, cooperation with states and codes-generating organizations, and specific technical accomplishments. The report continues with discussions of programs involving the building community, research on the needs of the building users, and technology transfer. A special chapter is devoted to energy conservation in buildings and how CBT's test methods and other programs-including solar-were pressed into this vital national struggle.

BSS95. The development of an improved compression test method for wall panels, C. W. C. Yancey and L. E. Cattaneo, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 95, 108 pages (Feb. 1979) SN003-003-01697-7.

Key words: compression; eccentric loading; flat-end; kern; loading rate; pin-end; test method; wall panels; walls.

An experimental and analytical investigation of the primary factors involved in the testing of prototype wall panels under axial compression loading is reported. The objective of the investigation was to develop a method of testing wall specimens that incorporates the best features of ASTM Standard Method E 72 while at the same time incorporating improvements in the areas of deficiency in the Standard. Twenty-five laboratory tests were conducted on samples composed of five types of wall panel construction. The panels were tested to failure under either of two different eccentricities of load, while being supported with one of two types of idealized end conditions. Selected test results and detailed descriptions of the laboratory procedures used are presented. A computer-aided analytical study of the variables affecting the degree of uniformity of loading was conducted. Equations based on the analogy of beams supported on elastic foundations were used in the analysis. A study of the statistical parameters commonly used to interpret test results was conducted to establish useful guidelines for predicting structural performance on the basis of small sample test results. A compression test method applicable to traditional and innovative wall constructions is presented. The principal additions in the revised test method are as follows: (a) a provision for variable eccentricity, (b) a procedure for selecting a load distribution assembly which will be compatible with the test-panel.

BSS107. Soil and rock anchors for mobile homes-A state-ofthe-art report, W. D. Kovacs and F. Y. Yokel, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 107, 164 pages (Oct. 1979) SN003-003-02121-1.

Key words: anchors; mobile home foundations; soil anchors; soil mechanics; wind upset.

Available anchor hardware is surveyed and evaluated and pull-out capacity data are compared with hypotheses for predicting anchor pull-out capacity based on soil mechanics princi. ples. The evidence suggests that our ability to predict anchor pull-out capacity by soil mechanics principles is inadequate, and that there is a need for the standardization of test procedures and soil classification and for further test data. Sug. gestions for future research are presented.

BSS115. Fire safety for high-rise buildings: The role of communications, R. A. Glass and A. I. Rubin, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 115, 47 pages (Apr. 1979) SN003-00302016-8.

Key words: buildings; communications systems; fire safety; high-rise; model codes; people movement; systems design. This literature survey reviews the communications requirements for fire safety in buildings from the standpoint of the building occupant and the control operator. It traces the development of the problem of communications in buildings and the specialized needs that exist today.

An examination is made of the purposes of a communications system in buildings as well as some of the psychological design requirements necessary for such a system.

The communications requirements of the building occupants are also covered, with emphasis on the types of information communicated by signals and the integration of those signals into an overall system design.

Personnel requirements for staffing a control center are also discussed, along with common problems in several operational communications systems.

Detailed examples of communications systems are provided. Portions of several model codes which cover communications systems are presented. Suggested areas for future research on fire safety in buildings are identified.

BSS117. Experimental verification of a standard test procedure for solar collectors, J. E. Hill, J. P. Jenkins, and D. E. Jones, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 117, 126 pages (Jan. 1979) SN003-003-02008-7.

Key words: measurement; solar collector; solar energy; solar radiation; standards; standard test; testing.

A proposed procedure for testing and rating solar collectors based on thermal performance was published by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1974. Subsequently, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning (ASHRAE) developed a modified version of the NBS procedure which was adopted in early 1977 as ASHRAE Standard 93-77. A test facility for water-heating and air-heating collectors has been built at NBS and was used to support the development of Standard 93-77. The purpose of this report is to describe the recently adopted test procedure, the NBS test facility, and the tests that were conducted to support the development of the procedure.

BSS118. Extreme wind speeds at 129 stations in the contiguous United States, E. Simiu, M. J. Changery, and J. J. Filliben, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 118, 318 pages (Mar. 1979) SN003-003-02041-9.

Key words: building (codes); probability distribution functions; statistical analysis; storms; structural engineering; wind pressure; wind speeds.

The purpose of this report is to present information on recorded and predicted wind speeds at 129 airport stations in the contiguous United States at which reliable records are available over a number of consecutive years. This information is provided to serve as basic documentation from which appropriate decisions can be made on values of design wind speeds to be specified in building codes and standards or on specific projects. Included in the report are: recorded wind speeds and anemometer elevations; predicted wind speeds based on probability distributions of the largest values; estimates of the sampling errors inherent in the predicted wind speeds; a description of the statistical procedure used in the analysis of the data; and a discussion of the results of the analy

sis.

BSS119. Economic evaluation of windows in buildings: Methodology, R. T. Ruegg and R. E. Chapman, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 119, 118 pages (Apr. 1979) SN003-003-02042-7.

Key words: building economics; daylighting; economic analysis; energy conservation; engineering economics; lifecycle costs; solar heat gain; thermal efficiency; window; window management.

This study, which is one part of a National Bureau of Standards interdisciplinary project on windows, is aimed at improving the cost-effectiveness of window selection and use in buildings. It develops and illustrates a life-cycle costing evaluation model and computer program for assessing for alternative window systems the net dollar impact of acquisition, maintenance and repair, heating and cooling energy gains and losses, and artificial lighting and daylighting tradeoffs. The method is applicable to the evaluation of many different window sizes, designs, accessories, and uses, both for new and existing residential and commercial buildings. Two step-by-step examples of evaluating selected window alternatives in a residence and in an office building in Washington, D.C., serve to illustrate the application of the method.

A companion report, A Regional Economic Assessment of Selected Window Systems, presents the results of eight additional residential case studies and eight additional commercial case studies. While the emphasis of this report is on the method of evaluation, the companion report focuses on summarizing the results of a regional analysis in a form that will be convenient for use by building owners, operators, designers, financiers, and builders, those whose interest centers on the actual implementation of research results.

BSS120. Guidelines for stair safety, J. Archea, B. L. Collins, and F. I. Stahl, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 120, 129 pages (May 1979) SN003-003-02063-0.

Key words: accidents; architectural design; architectural psychology; architectural research; building codes; building design; building regulatory standards; floor coverings; home safety; safety standards; stair safety; stairway design. This report summarizes information and research in the area of stair use and provides design guidelines for improving stair safety. These guidelines are directed toward seven major categories of stairway design and construction: (1) structural integrity and quality of stairs, (2) physical attributes of stair surfaces, (3) appearance of stair surfaces, (4) handrails, (5) physical attributes of the surrounding stairway environment, (6) appearance of the surrounding stairway environment, and (7) signs and symbols.

In general, the recommendations offered in this report derive from the premise that stairway accidents are caused by human perceptual errors, which are frequently triggered by some flaw in the design or construction of stairways themselves. Evidence describing the severity and frequency of residential stairway hazards, and supporting premises underlying design guidelines were obtained from epidemiological, experimental, exploratory, and survey research sources. General directions for future investigation are suggested.

Publications in this series collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. Register serves as the official source of information in the Federal Government regarding standards issued by NBS pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended, Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations). This series is available only from the National Technical Information Services, Springfield, VA 22161. See page 24 for price list.

FIPS PUB 58. Representations of local time of the day for information interchange, H. McEwen, Standards Coordinator, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Fed. Info. Process. Stand. Publ. (FIPS PUB) 58, 4 pages (Feb. 1979).

Key words: American National Standard Representation for Calendar Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange; meridian designators; separators; sequencing; time elements; timekeeping systems; time representations. This FIPS PUB announces the adoption of American National Standard X3.43-1977, Representations of Local Time of the Day for Information Interchange. This standard provides the means for representing local time of the day to facilitate the interchange of information among data systems.

FIPS PUB 59. Representations of universal time, local time differentials, and United States time zone references for information interchange, H. McEwen, Standards Coordinator, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Fed. Info. Process. Stand. Publ. (FIPS PUB) 59, 4 pages (Feb. 1979).

Key words: American National Standard Representation for Calendar Date and Ordinal Date for Information Interchange; local time differentials; meridian designator; time differential factor; time zone references; Uniform Time Act of 1966; universal time.

This FIPS PUB announces the adoption of American National Standard X3.51-1975, Representations of Universal Time, Local Time Differentials, and United States Time Zone References for Information Interchange. This standard provides the means for representing universal time, local time differentials, and U.S. time zone references to facilitate interchange of information among data systems.

FIPS PUB 64. Guidelines for documentation of computer programs and automated data systems for the initiation phase, B. Leong-Hong, Standards Coordinator, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Fed. Info. Process. Stand. Publ. (FIPS PUB) 64, 54 pages (Aug. 1979).

Key words: automated data systems; computer programs; cost/benefit analysis; documentation; documentation content guidelines; feasibility study; FIPS guidelines; initiation phase; project request; software.

These guidelines provide a basis for determining the content and extent of documentation for the initiation phase of the software life cycle. Content guidelines are given for the following document types: Project Request Document, Feasibility Study Document, and Cost/Benefit Analysis Document.

The guidelines are intended to be a basic reference and a checklist for general use throughout the Federal Government to plan and evaluate documentation practices.

FIPS PUB 65. Guideline for automatic data processing risk analysis, S. K. Reed, Standards Coordinator, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Fed. Info. Process. Stand. Publ. (FIPS PUB) 65, 27 pages (Aug. 1979).

Key words: ADP availability; annual loss exposure; application system vulnerability; computer security; data confidentiality; data integrity; data security; physical security; procedural security; risk analysis; risk assessment; systems security.

This document presents a technique for conducting a risk analysis of an ADP facility and related assets. Risk analysis produces annual loss exposure values based on estimated costs and potential losses. The annual loss exposure values are fundamental to the cost effective selection of safeguards for the security of the facility. An ADP facility of a hypothetical government agency is used for an example. The characteristics and attributes of a computer system which must be known in order to perform a risk analysis are described and an example is given of the process of analyzing some of the assets, showing how the risk analysis can be handled.

FIPS PUB 66. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes, H. McEwen, Standards Coordinator, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Fed. Info. Process. Stand. Publ. (FIPS PUB) 66, 23 pages (Aug. 1979).

Key words: computers; data processing; Federal Information Processing Standards Publication; industries; representations and codes; Standard Industrial Classification.

This standard provides classifications, short titles, and codes for representing industries. The general concept of an industry is one of a group of establishments with similar economic activities. The SIC codes, initially developed by the Office of Management and Budget, are currently being maintained and published by the DOC Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, the organization to which this function has been transferred. Their implementation in Federal ADP systems will avoid unnecessary and costly incompatibilities in the collection, processing and dissemination of data.

FIPS PUB 67. Guideline for selection of data entry equipment, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Fed. Info. Process. Stand. Publ. (FIPS PUB) 67, 23 pages (Sept. 1979).

Key words: data entry; economic considerations; keyboard; keypunch; optical character recognition; optical mark sensing; source data entry.

This publication provides a guideline to be used by Federal agencies in the selection of data entry equipment. The objective is to make available information that will assist in the selection of more efficient and economical data entry systems. The guideline provides information about economic and general operational considerations, steps to be followed in acquisition and training, and other factors pertinent to data entry equipment selection.

Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NBS under the sponsorship of other Government agencies.

TN910-4. Self-study manual on optical radiation measurements: Part I-Concepts, chapters 7, 8, and 9, F. E. Nicodemus, Ed., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 910-4, 134 pages (June 1979) SN003-003-02067-2.

Key words: aperture/aperture-image pair; aperture pair; calibration; convolution; deconvolution; geometrical-optics radiometry; inversion; measurement-beam geometry; relative spectral responsivity; slit-scattering function; slit-scattering function corrections; spectral line radiometry; spectroradiometer characterizations; spectroradiometry; vignetting.

This is the fourth in a series of Technical Notes (910-) entitled "Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements.” It contains Chapters 7, 8, and 9 of this Manual. Additional chapters will continue to be published, similarly, as they are completed. The Manual is a comprehensive tutorial treatment of the measurement of incoherent radiation that is complete enough for self instruction. Detailed chapter summaries make it also a convenient authoritative reference source.

The manner in which the spectral responsivity of a spectroradiometer containing a monochromator varies with wavelength is treated in Chapter 7. The nature and characteristics of this function, how it is determined, and the effects it has on spectroradiometric measurements are discussed in detail. The traditional, indirect determination, involving the slitscattering function, is shown to be highly inaccurate except for wavelengths in the central portion of the function. An introduction to the measurement of spectral line radiation is also presented.

Deconvolution, discussed in Chapter 8, is the numerical process of recovering an improved spectral distribution from spectroradiometric measurements inevitably smeared spectrally by the spectral-responsivity function of the radiometer. A simple, iterative technique, which is extensively used, will be completely satisfactory in almost all radiometric situations. A more sophisticated technique, which is founded on a sounder theoretical basis, should succeed in many of the few remaining instances where the simpler technique fails. Examples of computer programs for the two techniques are given in an appendix. Both are applied to a simple illustrative numerical example with brief mention of some of the sources of difficulty and the limitations of deconvolution. Finally, we touch on the question of errors and describe a couple of useful measures of accuracy. The physical definition of measurement beams, including the integration limits in the measurement equation, is treated in Chapter 9 in terms of geometrical-optics quantities and concepts. The usual definitions of geometrical optics are extended to situations where defining the measurement beam may not involve the imaging of any source. The importance of aperture pairs or equivalent aperture/aperture-image pairs, in defining measurement beams without vignetting, is developed. Also discussed are entrance pupils as receiving apertures in radiometry (their positions and dimensions), diffusers, vignetting, and the effects of beam geometry on overall instrument radiance and irradiance responsivities. The treatment is in

terms of simple, ideal, geometrical optics, with sharp image and shadow boundaries, and only passing mention is made of perturbations caused by imperfect imaging, aberrations, scattering, and diffraction.

TN971. Guidelines for cost-effective lead paint abatement, R. E. Chapman and J. G. Kowalski, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 971, 88 pages (Jan. 1979) SN003-003-02014-1.

Key words: abatement; building economics; building materials; economic analysis; housing; lead-based paint; lead poisoning.

Public and private concern about the potential for lead poisoning in children due to the ingestion of lead-based paint chips has resulted in a Federally sponsored program to develop technologies by which the lead-based paint hazard may be eliminated from the nation's housing. Through this program lead-based paint abatement techniques were tested in field deleading operations conducted in Boston, Massachusetts. The major focus of the program was on the collection of data on the direct costs of labor, materials and special equipment associated with these abatement techniques. Data were also collected on contractors' bids so that markup ratios could be calculated.

This report provides an overview of the statistical analysis of these direct cost data by abatement technique and building component (i.e, walls, doors and frames, windows and frames, and miscellaneous trim). An overview of the statistical analysis of the markup ratio is also included. Cost models are developed for each abatement technique which identify the key factors which affect direct cost and markup. Guidelines are given so that these models can be used by municipal officials and building owners to estimate deleading costs as well as provide input to policy evaluation and formulation.

TN979. Lead paint abatement costs: Some technical and theoretical considerations, R. E. Chapman and J. G. Kowalski, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 979, 153 pages (Feb. 1979) SN003-003-02022-2.

Key words: abatement; building economics; building materials; cost estimation; econometric models; economic analysis; housing; lead-based paint; lead poisoning. Public and private concern about the potential for lead poisoning in children due to the ingestion of lead-based paint chips has resulted in a Federally sponsored program to develop technologies by which the lead-based paint hazard may be eliminated from the nation's housing. The nature and design of the Experimental Hazard Elimination Program (EHEP) is thought to be unique in that it permitted the costs of the alternative lead paint abatement techniques to be rigorously analyzed.

The focus of this report is on the design, implementation and analysis of EHEP and the cost information it produced. Statistical analyses which permitted the development of econometric models capable of estimating abatement technique costs and expected contractor markup are described. Structural equations relating changes in the values of certain key factors to variations in direct cost and contractor markup are also presented. Guidelines, including a national deleading cost estimate, are given so that these econometric models can be used by municipal officials and building owners to estimate deleading costs as well as provide input to policy evaluation and formulation.