representation from each State having one vote. Amendments.... VOTES in the rebel States upon their new constitutions, n. 276, p. 283, § 5. How to be expressed, Id. p. 284, § 3. List of, to be kept, n. 276, p. 285, § 4.

WADE, BENJAMIN. President of the Senate, pro tempore, n. 38, p. 81.

WALTON, GEORGE, of Georgia. Signed Declaration of Independence, p. 7.

WALTON, JOHN, of Georgia. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.

WAR. Congress shall have power to declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water

effect

"War" defined, and how declared with Great Britain,
France, Mexico, &c., n. 117. "Civil war" defined;
of war upon citizens; President's powers during war,
n. 118. "Marque" defined, n. 120. Reprisal" defined,
n. 121. Effects of war upon the qualifications of members
of Congress, n. 46.

WAR. Congress shall have power to make rules ("rules and articles of war") for the government of the land and naval forces

"To make rules" defined; where to be found, n. 129. WAR. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

WAR. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort..

"Treason " defined, n. 215. An actual levying of war necessary; no conviction unless presence at; levying proved; "levying war" defined, n. 215.

WAR. No soldier shall be quartered in any house in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendments..
"Soldier" defined; "quartered" defined, n. 250. Object
of the provision. "Owner" defined, n. 250.

WAR. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other-
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict-
ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land
or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service, in
time of war or public danger. Amendments.
"Capital or infamous crime defined;

66 presentment," "indictment," "grand jury," defined; military jurisdiction, notes 253, 254.

WARRANTS. No warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendments....

"Warrant" defined; limitation of, n. 252.

WASHINGTON, BUSHROD. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court,
n. 197, p 193.

WASHINGTON, GEORGE, of Virginia. President of the Convention;
signed the Constitution, pp. 41, 252. President of the
United States, n. 166. Delivered his first message to
Congress orally, n. 187.

WAYNE, JAMES M. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, n.
197, p. 193.

WE the people establish this Constitution. Preamble.

"We the people" defined; synonymous with "citizens;" not a majority; negroes not included, but made citizens by Civil Rights Bill, n. 6.

WEIGHTS and measures. Congress shall have power to fix the standard of weights and measures..

"Fix" defined; "standard" defined, n. 101.

Standard

pound of United States, how, and how often, regulated;
standard of spirit weight; act to authorize metric system;

metric measures of length, surface capacity, weight,
n. 103, pp. 116-119.

WELFARE. Constitution established to promote the general welfare.
Preamble....

This phrase defined; date of insertion, n. 11. One of
the enumerated powers of Congress; Story's definition of
the phrase, n. 80.

WELFARE. Congress shall have power to promote the general
welfare.

Defined; Judge Story's explanation; the power and the
purpose discriminated; limitation of the power, n. 80.
WENTWORTH, Jr., Joun, of New Hampshire. Signed the Articles
of Confederation, p. 21.

WEST VIRGINIA. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17. Three repre-
sentatives, n. 24. Assigned to fourth judicial circuit,
n. 197. Carved out of Virginia, n. 235. Its conduct during
the war, Id. Ratified the thirteenth amendment, n. 274;
the fourteenth, n. 275.

WHIPPLE, WILLIAM, of New Hampshire. Signed Declaration of
Independence, p. 7.

WILLIAMS, JOHN, of North Carolina. Signed the Articles of Con-
federation, p. 21.

WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, of Connecticut. Signed Declaration of Inde-
pendence, p. 7.

WILLIAMSON, HU., of North Carolina. Signed the Constitution,
pp. 42, 252.

WILSON, JAMES, of Pennsylvania. Signed the Constitution, pp.

42, 252.

WINTHROP, ROBERT C. Was Speaker of the

tatives, n. 26.

House of Represen-

WISCONSIN. Qualifications for suffrage, n. 17. Six representatives
n. 24. Population in each decade, n. 24, pp. 69, 70. As-
signed to seventh judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Ad-
mitted into the Union, n. 230. Ratified the thirteenth
amendment, n. 274; the fourteenth, n. 275,
WITHERSPOON, JOHN, of New Jersey. Signed Declaration of
Independence, p. 7. And the Articles of Confederation,
p. 21.
WITNESS against himself. Nor shall any person be compelled, in
any criminal case, to be a witness against himself. Amend-
ments...

This would be contrary to republican principles; con-
fined to criminal cases, n. 256.

WITNESSES against him. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
to be confronted with the witnesses against him. Amend-

ments..

"Accused defined, n. 260.

WITNESSES in his favor. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor. Amendments.

WITNESSES. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on
the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or
on confession in open court....

Refers to proofs on trial, and not to preliminary hearing ;
"overt act treason" defined, n. 216.

WOLCOTT, OLIVER, of Connecticut. Signed Articles of Confedera-
tion, p. 21.

WRIT of habeas corpus. The privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus shall not be suspended unless, when in cases of
rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it....
"Privilege" defined; Bates's opinions on President's
suspension of the writ, n. 140. Habeas corpus defined;
the President not amenable to the writ; a writ of uni-
versal right ex merito justitiæ; when first suspended;
When the federal courts may issue the writ; the power
of the State courts to issue, n. 141, pp. 141, 142. Can only
be suspended by act of Congress. The power of the State

courts over persons held in military service discussed;
ruling in Vallandigham's case; act of 3d March, sus-
pending the writ; President's proclamation, n. 141, p. 143.
Invalidity of the writ in Mrs. Surratt's case; suspension
of the writ does not authorize arrest, but denies the writ
to the prisoner; this denied in contempt cases, n. 141,
p. 144. Minors above eighteen may enlist in the navy with-
out consent of parents or guardians; Stanbery's opinion
in Gormley's case; demarcation between the powers of
the United States and the State courts; the whole sub-
ject discussed, n. 141, pp. 141-146.

(See Habeas Corpus.)

WRIT of right. The habeas corpus is a, n. 141.

WRITINGS. Exclusive right to writings may be secured by authors
for a limited time

Object of this power of Congress; "author" defined;
copyrights, how secured; limitation of the power, 107.
WYTHE, GEORGE, of Virginia. Signed the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, p. 8.

YEAS and nays of the members of either house of Congress, on
any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those
present, be entered on the journal...
"Yeas and nays" defined, n. 51, p. 88.

YEAS and nays. Votes in the two houses of Congress, on passage
of any bill, order, resolution, or vote, returned with ob-
jections by the President, shall be taken by yeas and

nays...

(See Veto-Votes.)