of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be
made, under their authority.

See (Judicial Power, notes 199-209.)
UNITED STATES. Treason against the United States shall consist
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their
enemies, giving them aid and comfort

(See Treason, notes 211-214.)

UNITED STATES. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and
make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter-
ritory or other property belonging to the United States;
and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as
to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
particular State

...

(See Territories, notes 231, 232.)
UNITED STATES. The United States shall guarantee to every State
in this Union a republican form of government, and shall
protect each of them against invasion; and on application
of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legisla-
ture cannot be convened), against domestic violence......
(See Guaranty-" Republican form of Government,”
n. 233. Invasion, n. 234. Domestic Violence, n. 235.)
UNITED STATES. All debts contracted, and engagements entered
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as
valid against the United States under this Constitution as
under the Confederation

(See Debts, n. 237.)

UNITED STATES. This Constitution, and the laws of the United
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land.
See the article defined and discussed, notes 238, 241.
UNITED STATES. The senators and representatives before men-
tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures,
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious
test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
or public trust under the United States

(See Oath, n. 242.)

...

UNITED STATES Court. In suits at common law, where the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial
by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury
shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United
States than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendments....

See this article discussed, notes 263–265, and n. 205a.
UNITED STATES. The powers not delegated to the United States
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.
Amendments.....

(See Powers, notes 138, 209, 274.)

UNITED STATES. The judicial power of the United States shall not
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity com-
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign State. Amendments....

(See Law and Equity, notes 270, 272, and n. 205α)
UNITED STATES. The list of votes for President and Vice Presi-
dent shall be transmitted to the seat of the government
of the United States. Amendments
UNITED STATES. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States
or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Amendments..
(See Citizens—Slavery, n. 174.)

UNITED STATES. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro-
tection of the laws. Amendments....

(See Citizens-Naturalization-Slavery, n. 274.)
UNITED STATES. Representatives shall be apportioned among the
several States according to their respective numbers,
counting the whole number of persons in each State,
excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to
vote at any election for the choice of electors for Presi-
dent and Vice-President of the United States, representa-
tives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of
a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is
denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State,
being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United
States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in
rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the
number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such
State. Amendments.

See notes 276–277.

UNITED STATES. No person shall be a senator or representative
in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President,
or hold any office, civil or military, under the United
States, or under any State, who, having previously taken
an oath, as a member of Congress, or as any officer of the
United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or
as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support
the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged
in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid
or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by
a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.
Amendments..

49,279

See this section discussed, n. 281.
UNITED STATES. The validity of public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment
of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insur-
rection or rebellion shall not be questioned. But neither the
United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations,
and claims shall be held illegal and void. Amendments.. 14 4
See this discussed, n. 282.

UNUSUAL punishments. Excessive bail shall not be required nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish-
ments inflicted. Amendments.

(See Bail-Fines, notes 266, 267.)

VACANCIES. When vacancies happen in the representation from
any State, the executive thereof shall issue writs of elec-
tion to fill them..

Action of the executive; how vacancies are created;
acceptance of an incompatible office on absolute determi
nation of the first, n. 25.

VACANCIES. If vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, in
the seats of senators, during the recess of the legislature of
any State, the executive thereof may make temporary ap-
pointments, until the next meeting of the legislatures,
which shall then fill such vacancies.

In what manner vacated, n. 32. The executive cannot
fill a prospective vacancy, n. 33.

VACANCIES. The President shall have power to fill up all vacan-
cies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by

49, 280

8

45, 26

granting commissions which shall expire at the end of
their next session

This clause discussed; various opinions; how the
vacancy may occur; "that may happen defined; limi-
tation of the power; may act on the neglect of the
Senate, n. 185. Length of the commission; the concur-
rence of the Senate at the expiration of former commis-
sion makes a new appointment, n. 186.

VALIDITY of contracts or engagements. All debts contracted, and
engagements entered into, before the adoption of this
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States
under this Constitution, as under the Confederation...
A principle of moral obligation, n. 237.
VALUE. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate the
value thereof, and of foreign coin.......

"To coin" ́defined; a treasury note only a promise to
pay money; "currency" is not "money" a contract
satisfied by payment of legal tender, n. 97. "Money
defined; coin has no pledge of redemption, n. 98. Regu-
late the value defined; vested exclusively in Congress,
n. 99. Restrictions as to legal tender; intrinsic value of no
consequence, n. 100.

VALUE in controversy. In suits at common law, when the value
in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of
trial by jury shall be preserved, &c. Amendments.
"Suits at common law" defined; limitation of the
phrase; common law" defined; trial by jury, for
whose benefit, n. 263.

VAN BUREN, MARTIN. President of the United States, n. 166.
VAN DYKE, NICHOLAS, of Delaware. Signed Articles of Confed-
eration, p. 21.

VARNUM, JOSEPH B. Speaker of the House of Representatives,
n. 26. And President of the Senate, pro tempore, n. 38,
p. 79.
VERMONT. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, Number of repre-
sentatives, n. 24. Population in each decade, n. 24, pp.
69, 70. Assigned to second judicial circuit, n. 197. Ad-
mitted into the Union, n. 250. Ratified the thirteenth
amendment, n. 274; the fourteenth, n. 275.

VESSELS. No preference shall be given by any regulation of
commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those
of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another

VEST.

"Preference" defined, n. 147. The coasting trade,

n. 148.

Congress may by law vest the appointment of such
inferior offices as they think proper in the President
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart-
ments....

Clerks of court and commissioners of bail are such offi-
cers, n. 183.

VESTED in the government. Congress shall have power to make all
laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by this Constitution in the government of the
United States, or in any department or office thereof...
"Necessary" defined; not synonymous with "absolutely
necessary;" Congress must judge of the means to effect
the end; "power" defined, full import of the clause;
"proper" defined; incidental powers, n. 138, p. 139.
VESTED in a President. The executive power shall be vested in a
President of the United States of America.

Object of an executive department; definition and
limitation of executive power, n. 165. List of Presidents,

n. 166

(See President.)

VESTED in one Supreme Court. The judicial power of the United
States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such

Inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish.

"Judicial power" defined and discussed; "shall be
vested" defined; divisions of power; Supreme Court
defined, n. 195. Inferior courts, n. 196. List of Justices
of the Supreme Court, n. 197, pp. 191–194.
(See Supreme Court.)

VESTED in a Congress. All legislative powers herein granted shall
be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall
consist of a Senaté and a House of Representatives.
"Legislative power" defined, n. 14. Congress defined;
the division of Congress discussed, n. 15.

VESTED rights. (See Contract, notes 152-160.
House of Representatives.)

VETO power of the President. (See President.).

See Senate, and

"Veto power" defined; objects of; infrequency of use
in former times; President Jackson's vetoes; President
Polk's vetoes; President Johnson's vetoes; "Freedman's
Bureau Bill" successfully vetoed; "Civil Rights Bill" and
Reconstruction acts vetoed, n, 67, p. 92. President John-
son's opinion as to unconstitutionality of the various
vetoed acts; "two-thirds defined; decision of the Senate
on a quorum," n. 68. The President must receive the
bill ten entire days before adjournment, or else it does not
become law, n. 69.

VICE-PRESIDENT shall have no vote in the Senate unless they be
equally divided, or when he shall exercise the office of
President of the United States.

List of Vice-Presidents, n. 37.

VICE-PRESIDENT. The Senate shall choose a President pro tempore

in the absence of the....

List of presiding officers, n. 38

VICE-PRESIDENT. The President shall hold his office during the
term of four years, and, together with the Vice-Presi-
dent, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows.
Amendments..
VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States. Qualification required as
Vice-President same as for President of the United States. 12
VICE-PRESIDENT. In case of the removal of the President from

office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall
devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation,
or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, de-
claring what officer shall then act as President, and such
officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re-
moved, or a President shall be elected...

List of Vice-Presidents, who have become Presidents,
n. 172.

VICE-PRESIDENT shall be removed from office on impeachment for,
and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes
and misdemeanors.

(See Impeachment, notes 39, 40, 191-194.)

VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States. Election of Vice-President
of the United States. Amendments......
(See Election.)

VICE-PRESIDENT. The lists of votes of electors of President and
Vice-President shall be directed to the president of the
Senate, Amendments

VICE-PRESIDENT. The president of the Senate shall, in presence of
the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates of the electors of President and Vice-President
of the United States. Amendments...

VICE-PRESIDENT. If the House of Representatives shall not choose
a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve
upon them, before the 4th day of March next following,
then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the

12

2.

2

12

12

12

1 46, 164

A

case of the death or other constitutional disability of the
President. Amendments..
VICE-PRESIDENT. The person having the greatest number of votes
as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such
number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from
the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall
choose the Vice-President: a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and
a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a
choice. Amendments.
VICE-PRESIDENT. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the
office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-Presi-
dent of the United States. Amendments...
VIOLATED. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated. Amendments...
(See Houses-Searches, n. 251, 252.)

47, 166

VIRGINIA. Signed the Declaration of Independence, p. 7. One of
the Confederation, p. 9. Signed Articles of Confederation,
p. 21. Signed Constitution of the United States, pp, 41, 42,
252. Qualifications for suffrage, n. 17.
VIRGINIA. Entitled to ten representatives in the first Congress.

Eleven representatives by the census of 1860 (now
eight), n. 24. Population of, in several decades, n. 24, pp.
69, 70. Assigned to fourth judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 193.
History of, during the rebellion, n. 235. West Virginia
carved out of Virginia, notes 24, 230, 235, 276. Ratified
the thirteenth amendment, n. 274. Rejected the four-
teenth, n. 275. One of the rebel States, n. 277, § 1. Its
government declared provisional, n. 276, p. 286, § 1. Num-
ber of the registered voters in, n. 278.

VIVA Voce vote. The senators shall be elected by, n. 30.
VOTE. The senators shall be elected by a viva voce vote, n. 30.
VOTE. Each senator shall have one.

VOTE. The Vice-President shall have no vote unless the Senate
be equally divided.......

VOTE. Every vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and
House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment), shall be presented to the Presi-
dent. (See Resolution.).

VOTE. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice
of electors for President and Vice-President of the United
States, representatives in Congress, the executive and
judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legis-
lature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of
such State, being twenty one years of age, and citizens of
the United States, or in any way abridged, except for par-
ticipation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of repre-
sentation therein shall be reduced in the proportion in
which the number of such male citizens shall bear the
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in
such State. Amendments

VOTES in the two houses of Congress, on passage of any bill,
order, resolution, or vote, returned with objections by the
President, shall be taken by yeas and nays.

The bill must be returned in ten days; "veto" de-
fined, n. 67. Various vetoes cited, n. 67.

VOTES of electors of President and Vice-President.

Place and

manner of giving the votes. Lists of votes to be made,
signed, certified, transmitted sealed to the seat of govern-
ment, directed to the president of the Senate, to be opened
and counted by that officer in the presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives. The number necessary to
a choice. The day on which electoral votes shall be
given throughout the United States. Amendments..
VOTES taken by States. In choosing the President by the House
of Representatives, the votes shall be taken by States, the

.

4