shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained
by the people. Amendments...

Here used in the sense of the preamble, n. 268.
PEOPLE. The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re-
served to the States respectively, or to the people. Amend-

ments...

PEOPLE of the rebel States. When they shall have formed a con-
stitution, n. 276, p. 283, § 5. Until the people shall have
been admitted to representation in Congress. Id. § 6. (See
Person.)

PERSON. Qualification of a person to be a representative in Con-

gress...

(And see Qualifications, n. 46.)

PERSON. Qualification of a person to be a senator in Congress
Person defined and criticised. Is masculine, notes 16,
35..46.

PERSON. No person shall be convicted on an impeachment with-
out the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present. 1 3 6
PERSON. No person holding any office under the United States
shall be a member of either house during his continuance
in office...

The reason and effects of such disqualification defined
and discussed, notes 25, 62, 63, 150, 151.

PERSON. No person holding any office of profit or trust under tho
United States, shall, without the consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State ...
This inhibition extends to none but office-holders,
n. 151.

PERSON. No person, holding an office of trust or profit under the
United States, shall be appointed an elector of President
and Vice-President..

PERSON. Eligibility of a person to be President or Vice-Presi-
dent of the United States. (See Eligibility.).

PERSON. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on
confession in open court ...

PERSON. No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood
or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
This extends to every manner of person, n. 223. The
definition is only limited by other requirements of the
clause, notes 223, 224.

PERSON. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or
other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in
another State, shall, on demand of the executive autho-
rity of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to
be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.
Person defined to mean every person, n. 253.

PERSON. No person held to service or labor in one State, under
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse-
quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be
due..

Person is limited in practice to slaves and apprentices,
notes 236, 237.

PERSON. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other-
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict-
ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land
or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in
time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject, for the same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy
of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal
case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
shall private property be taken for public use without just.
compensation. Amendments...

25, 81

1 6 2

27,90

1 9 8

31, 152

2 1 2

32, 164

2

1

4

34, 167

3

3

1

38, 211

Person here embraces both sexes, notes 170, 251-256.
Practically the slaves and people of color were excluded.
n. 253. The other phrases defined and discussed, notes
253-263.

PERSONAL. The disability of an alien to maintain a real action
is personal, n. 210, p. 204.

PERSONAL privilege. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion
or invasion, the public safety may require it...

The power to issue the writ is not the privilege; to ask
for it is, n. 140. See note 221.

:

PERSONS. There are many who believe that the fourteenth amend-
ment has been ratified, n. 275, p. 281. The military dis-
trict commander to protect persons and property in the
rebel States, n. 276, p. 282, § 3. All persons put under
military arrest shall be tried, &c. Id. § 4. To vote with-
out distinction of race or color, Id. p. 283, § 5. The persons
appointed to superintend the election, Id. p. 284, § 3. To
ascertain the persons elected delegates, Id. p. 285, § 4.
The constitutions to be ratified by a majority of the per-
sons registered, Id. § 4. The commanding generals to
remove any persons who oppose reconstruction, n. 276,
p. 286, § 2, 3. ↑ The acts of the officers in removing persons
ratified, n. 276, p. 287, § 4. To remove all persons who are
disloyal or who oppose reconstruction, Id. § 4. The boards
of registration to ascertain the qualifications of persons to
vote, Id. § 5. No person disqualified as a member of a
board on account of race or color, Id. All persons who
have held civil offices disqualified, n. 276, pp. 287, 288, § 6.
The registrations to be corrected as to persons qualified
and disqualified, Id. § 7. All persons, &c., required to
take the oath of office. Id. § 9. The persons in the second
section of the fourteenth amendment applied to free per-
sons of color, n. 277. Nearly four and a half million of
these, n. 277, p. 289. Probably one hundred thousand per-
sons were excluded under these acts, n. 278. The second
section of the fourteenth amendment more clearly defines
who of the persons, now citizens, shall be counted in the
basis of representation, n. 280. There are persons who
claim the power in Congress to prescribe a rule of suffrage,
notes 18, 41, 280, n. 274, p. 275. Women, minors, and per-
sons non compos mentis are citizens, n. 274, p. 275. (See
Citizen.) Estimate of the loss of persons by the civil
war, n. 278. The President's views as to the persons who
cannot take the official oath, n. 284. The effect of the
fourteenth amendment upon such persons, n. 285. The
issues in regard to persons stated, Id. p. 293.
PERSONS or people of the United States ordain and establish this

Constitution, Preamble.

PERSONS or people of the several States choose members of House
of Representatives every second year..

PERSONS or people to be enumerated every ten years, in such man-
ner as Congress may by law direct...

(See the result of these enumerations, n. 24.)
PERSONS Constituting representative numbers to be embraced in
census are, all free persons, those bound for a term of
years, Indians taxed, and three-fifths of all other persons,
(slaves)...

This means all except two-fifths of the slaves and the
Indian tribes, n. 24, p. 68. Who to be excluded unless
they be allowed to vote, n. 280.

PERSONS Convicted on an impeachment shall, nevertheless, be
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and
punishment....

PERSONS.

(See Impeachment, notes 39, 40, 194.)

When the yeas and nays are ordered, the names of per-
sons (members) voting shall be entered on the journal...
PERSONS. The migration or importation of persons (slaves) shall

not be prohibited prior to 1808, but a tax or duty may be
imposed on such importation not exceeding ten dollars for
each person.
"Persons" here relates to imported Africans, n. 139.
PERSONS Voted for as President and Vice-President to be named
in the ballots. Amendments...

PINCKNEY, CHARLES, of South Carolina. Signed the Constitution,
pp. 42, 252.

PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTES WORTH, of South Carolina. Signed the
Constitution, pp. 42, 252.

PIRACIES. Congress shall have power to define and punish piracies
and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses
against the law of nations...

"Piracy" and "pirate" defined, n. 112. The punish-
ment is death, n. 111. Offenses and law of nations defined
and discussed, notes, 115, 116.

POINDEXTER, GEO. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 80.
POLK, JAMES K. Speaker of the House of Representatives, n. 26.
President, n. 166.

PORTS. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of com-
merce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of
another: nor shall vessels bound to or from one State, be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another...
(See Preference, n. 146; Vessels, n. 148.)

POSTERITY. The Constitution established in order to secure the
blessings of liberty to ourselves and to our posterity.
Preamble..

POST-OFFICES and post-roads. Congress shall have power to es-
tablish post-offices and post-roads...

Post-offices defined, and history of, n. 105. Post-roads
defined, and length of, n. 106.

POWER of Impeachment. The House of Representatives shall
have the sole power of impeachment..

(See Impeachment, notes 26, 39, 40, 191-194.)

POWER. Congress shall have power. (See Congress.).

This power defined and compared with other sections
and clauses, n. 71.

POWER. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach-

ments...

POWER. The executive power shall be vested in a President of
the United States of America..

The executive power defined, and distinguished from
what is merely ministerial, n. 165. Why lodged in one
head, Id. List of the Presidents and dates of service, n. 166.
POWER. The President shall have power to grant. reprieves and
pardons for offenses against the United States, except in
cases of impeachment

When this power may be exercised, n. 177, p. 172. It is
unlimited, and beyond the control of Congress as to its
effect, n. 177. p. 173. Reprieves and pardons defined and
discussed, notes 176, 177.

POWER. The power of the President in making treaties, appoint-
ments, &c. (See President.)..........

This subject discussed, notes 179-184.

POWER. (See Judicial Power.).

Judicial power contradistinguished from legislative
and executive; defined and why created; does not ex-
tend to all questions, only to cases. This explained,

notes 195, 199.

POWER. The judicial power of the United States shall not be con-
strued to extend to any suit, in law or equity, com-
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
citizens or another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign State. Amendments..

What this amends, and the effect thereof, notes 205a,
268.

POWERS herein granted vested in Congress. All legislative.....
(See Legislative Power, n. 56; Congress, n. 15.)

POWERS.

Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall
be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the
foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or
any department or officer thereof.

(See Congress, notes 128, 274.)

POWERS. In case of the inability of the President to discharge
the powers and duties of the office, the same shall devolve
on the Vice-President..

The Vice-Presidents who have thus succeeded to the
Presidency, n. 172, p. 170.

POWERS. The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re-
served to the States respectively, or to the people.
Amendments..........

The powers defined. "Delegated" defined. “Expressly
delegated" not meant, n. 269.

PREFERENCE regarding ports of States. No preference shall be
given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the
ports of one State over those of another; nor shall ves-
sels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear,
or pay duties in another

"Preference" defined, n. 149. The other terms defined,
notes 146, 147, 148.

PREJUDICE of claims. Nothing in this Constitution shall be so
construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States,
or of any particular State.

This was not to exclude the claim of any State to its
public land, n. 222. p. 242.

PRESENT. No person shall be convicted on an impeachment with-
out the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present.
PRESENT. The yeas and nays of the members of either house on
any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those
present, be entered on the journal.

PRESENT. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust
under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State...
The prohibition does not extend to private citizens,
n. 151, p. 153.
PRESENTED. Every bill, order, resolution, or vote, to which the
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives
may be necessary, &c., shall be presented to the Presi-
dent....

(See Bill, notes 66, 69.)

PRESENTMENT of a grand jury. No person shall be held to answer
for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a pre-
sentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when
in actual service in time of war or public danger. Amend-
ments

"Presentment," "Indictment," and "Grand Jury,"
defined, n. 253.

PRESERVE the Constitution. The President of the United States
shall take an oath or affirmation, to preserve, protect, and
defend the Constitution

The President is the only officer required to take this
oath, n. 174.

PRESIDENT of the Senate. (See Senate of the United States.)
PRESIDENT pro tempore. (See Senate of the United States.)

"Pro tempore" defined, n. 38. List of the presiding
officers of the Senate, pp. 78-81.

PRESIDENT of the United States. The Senate shall choose a Presi-
dent pro tempore when the Vice-President shall act as...
PRESIDENT of the United States is tried by the Senate on an im-

peachment. The chief-justice shall preside, when the....
PRESIDENT of the United States. Every bill which shall have

passed the House of Representatives and the Senate,
shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Presi-
dent of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it,
if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that
house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter
the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to
reconsider it. (See Bill.)

See the veto power discussed, n. 67.
PRESIDENT of the United States. If any bill shall not be returned
by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a
law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the
Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in
which case it shall not be a law. (See Bill.)..

The President should receive the bill ten entire days
before the adjournment, n. 69.

PRESIDENT of the United States. Every order, resolution, or
vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House
of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques-
tion of adjournment), shall be presented to the President
of the United States, and, before the same shall take effect,
shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by him,
shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House
of Representatives. (See Resolution.).

When a joint resolution becomes a law, n. 70.
PRESIDENT of the United States. The executive power shall be
vested in a President of the United States of America.
He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and,
together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
term, be elected as follows..

Electors appointed. Each State shall appoint, in such
manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number
of electors equal to the whole number of senators and
representatives to which the State may be entitled in the
Congress; but no senator or representative, or person
holding an office of trust or profit under the United States,
shall be appointed an elector....

The mode of choosing electors, n. 167.

Electors' proceedings. The electors shall meet in their
respective States and vote by ballot for President and
Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an in-
habitant of the same State with themselves. They shall
name in their ballots the person voted for as President,
and, in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice-
President; and they shall make distinct lists of all
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for
as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each,
which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed
to the seat of the government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate. Amendments.. 12
The Constitution before amendment, n. 168. The acts
of Congress about the election.

Electoral votes opened and counted. The President of
the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted; the person having the greatest
number of votes for President shall be the President, if
such number be a majority of the whole number of elec-
tors appointed. Amendments

Election by House of Representatives. And if no per-
son have such majority, then from the persons having the
highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall
choose, immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States,
the representation froin each State having one vote: a
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of

12

1 46, 164

1 46,165