fined, n. 62. They are component parts of the power of a
State, n. 89, p. 108.

INSTRUMENT. The Constitution must be construed like any other,
n. 170.

INSTRUMENTS. The right to regulate commerce carries along the
right to regulate the instruments of intercourse and trade,
notes 85, 274.

INSTRUMENTS. Secretary of the Treasury to procure for weighing
and gauging, n. 102, p. 118.

INSURGENT States. During the rebellion did not become foreign,
and their inhabitants alien enemies, n. 213. (See Rebel
States.)
INSURRECTION. The United States shall, on application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can-
not be convened), protect each State against domestic
violence or insurrection..

Acts of the Congress upon the subject, n. 235. The
President must decide upon the facts of the case, Id. p. 246.
INSURRECTIONS. Congress shall have power to provide for calling
forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress
insurrections, and repel invasions..

Insurrections defined and discussed, n. 132. Invasions
defined, n. 133.

INTERIOR waters. The admiralty jurisdiction over defined, n.

203.

INTERCOURSE cannot be restricted by the States, n. 87, p. 106.
INVADED. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage
in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger
as will not admit of delay..

The States may repel invasions upon emergencies, n. 164.
INVASION. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not
be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva-
sion, the public safety may require it..

(See Habeas Corpus, note 141.) The President sus-
pended the writ, Id. n. 141, p. 143.
INVASION. The United States shall protect each State against
invasion

Invasion defined, notes 133, 234. Extends to domestic
as well as foreign hostility, n. 234. A political question,
n. 234. History of, during the rebellion, Id.

INVASIONS. Congress shall have power to provide for calling
forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, sup-
press insurrections, and repel invasions

This is coupled with the guaranty to protect against,
n. 133. It may be by State authority, n. 133.

INVENTORS may secure exclusive rights to their discoveries for a
limited time...

Inventors defined, n. 108.

IOWA. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, p. 61. Six representa-
tives in 1860, n. 24. Population during the different
decades, n. 24, pp. 69, 70. Assigned to the eighth judicial
circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Admitted into the Union, n. 230.
Ratified the 13th amendment; n. 274, and the 14th, n. 275.
IREDELL, JAMES. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, n. 197
IZARD, RALPH. President of the Senate, n. 38, p. 78.

JAY, JOHN. Chief-Justice, n. 197, p. 192.
JACKSON, ANDREW. Views upon nullification, Pref. p. v. n. 144.
President of the United States, n. 166. Vetoes, n. 67.
JACKSON, WILLIAM. Attested the Constitution, pp. 42, 252
JEFFERSON, THOMAS, of Virginia. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 7; Presi-

dent, n. 166.

JENIFER, DAN: OF ST. THOMAS, of Maryland. Signed the Constitu-
tion, pp. 42, 252.

JEOPARDY. Nor shall any person be subject, for the same offense,
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Amendments.
Jeopardy defined and discussed, n. 255.

JOHNSON, ANDREW. Vice-President, n. 37, p. 77. President,

n. 166. His differences with Congress, n. 46, p. 85. His
notable vetoes, n. 67, pp. 92, 93. The grounds and failure
of his impeachment, n. 194. His views as to the supre-
macy of law, n. 239. His views as to resolutions propos-
ing constitutional amendments, n. 236. His views upon
the 14th constitutional amendment, n. 275. His condi-
tions imposed upon the rebel States, n. 2:6. His recom-
mendation to Congress to retrace its steps, n. 281.
Disbanded the militia of the District of Columbia,
n. 249.

JOHNSON, RICHARD M. Vice-President, n. 37, p. 77.
JOHNSON, THOMAS. Associate Justice, n. 197, p. 193.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM. Associate Justice, n. 197, p. 193.

JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL, of Connecticut. Signed the Consti-
tution, pp. 42, 252.

JOURNAL. Each house of Congress shall keep a journal of its
proceedings, and from time to time publish the same,
excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require
secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either
house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of
those present, be entered on the journal

JOURNAL. When the President shall return a bill, with his objec-
tions, to the house in which it originated, those objections
shall be entered at large on their journal, and the votes,
by yeas and nays, on the reconsideration of such bill, shall
be entered on the journal of each house respectively.
(See Bill.)..

JUDGES of the Supreme Court. The President shall nominate,
and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
appoint the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United
States
JUDGES of the Supreme and inferior courts shall hold their offices
during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive
for their services a compensation which shall not be
diminished during their continuance in office..
During good behavior defined, n. 197. Those who hold
their offices for a term of years are not constitutional
judges, n. 197. The court in 1868, n. 197. Since the
foundation of the government, n. 197, p. 193.
The com-
pensation, n. 198.

JUDGES. The judges in every State shall be bound by the Consti-
tution, laws, and treaties-any thing in the Constitution or
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding..

The courts will declare State Constitutions and laws
which violate the paramount law, void, n. 241.

JUDGMENT, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than
to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and
enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United
States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pun-
ishment, according to law.

Judgment defined, n. 40. Can neither go beyond nor
fall short, Id. Touches neither person nor property, Id.
JUDGMENTS. (See Acts-Authentication—Credit-Faith-Judi-
cial Proceedings.) Where the jurisdiction has attached,
the judgment is conclusive, 11. 218, p. 214. If there has
been service or defense, nothing is open (not even fraud
between the parties and privies) save the question of
jurisdiction, İd. But they are subject to limitation,
n. 218, p. 215. They are conclusive evidence, Id. They are
not foreign, but domestic, n. 218, pp. 215, 219. They can
be controverted for want of service, Id. p. 217. The
courts will notice the local laws under which they were
rendered, n. 219. The rule only applies to judgments of
courts of record, Id. Not to judgments of the courts of
the United States, n. 219, p. 219. How they must be cer-
tified, Id. Nil debet is not a good plea, n. 219, p. 220.

The judgment determines all which might have been liti-
gated in the cause, Id.
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power of the United States shall
be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior
courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and
establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compen-
sation which shall not be diminished during their con-
tinuance in office

Judicial power defined, n. 195. Its objects, Id.
(See Courts-Inferior Courts Judges' Compensation.)
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in
law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of
the United States, and the treaties made, or which shall be
made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas-
sadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to
which the United States shall be a party; to contro-
versies between two or more States; between a State and
the citizens of another State; between citizens of different
States; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands
under grants of different States; and between a State, or
the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.

Judicial, as contradistinguished from legislative and
executive power, n. 199. Does not extend to all questions,
Id. As to various political treaties, Id. Case defined and
treated, notes 199, 200, 201. (See Ambassadors, n. 202.
Admiralty, n. 203.) Controversies to which the United
States shall be a party explained, n. 204. The power over
suits' between States, n. 205. Between a State and citizens
of another State, n. 205α. Between citizens of different
States. (See Citizens, n. 206.) Between citizens of the
same State claiming land, &c. explained, n. 207. Between
States or the citizens and foreign States, &c., 208, 209.
(See Aliens, n. 209.)

JUDICIAL power. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other
public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State
shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have ori-
ginal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before men-
tioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdic-
tion, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and
under such regulations, as the Congress shall make.....

Original jurisdiction defined and discussed, n. 210.
Jurisdiction defined, n. 210. When the suit and when
the parties give jurisdiction in, Id. Appellate juris-
diction defined, n. 211. What question must have
been made to give appellate jurisdiction, n. 211, p. 207.
Congress cannot confer the power to grant a new
trial, Id. Where a State is a party defined.

JUDICIAL power. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im-
peachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in
the State where the said crimes shall have been committed;
but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed..

(See Trial, n. 212) (Impeachment, notes 39, 191-194.)
Jury, n. 212. The jury not the judges of the law, Id. Why
in the State, n. 213. Where offenses committed out of the
State are tried, n. 214.

JUDICIAL proceedings. Full faith, credit, proof, and effect to be
given in each State to the acts, records, and judicial pro-
ceedings of every other State.

(See Judgments, notes 218, 219.) Judicial proceedings
defined, n. 218. How proved. n. 219, p. 218, § 1. Of every
State defined, n. 218, p. 219. How authenticated, Id.
When so proved have full faith, Id. 220.

JUDICIAL officers, both of the United States and the several States,

shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Con-
stitution..

The reason why, n. 242. The oath; the test oath, Id.
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power of the United States shall
not be construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity,
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States,
by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of
any foreign State. Amendments....

This is an amendment of the third section, notes 205a,
270. It was to prevent individual suits against States,
n. 170. It included suits then pending, Id. Does not extend
to admiralty, n. 272. The State is not a party unless it so
appear on the record, n. 272.

JURISDICTION. The judicial power shall extend to all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction..

(See Admiralty, n. 203. See Judicial Power.)
JURISDICTION. Original and appellate; in the Supreme
Court

Original jurisdiction, defined and discussed, n. 210.
State courts have none over a consul, n. 210, p. 205.
Appellate, when exercised, and the rules in, n. 211.
JURISDICTION. A person charged in any State with treason, felony,
or other crime, and fleeing from justice, to be delivered
up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crime...

JURISDICTION. No new State shall be erected within the jurisdic-
tion of any other State..

How West Virginia was erected, n. 235.

JURY. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
shall be by jury

Jury defined; what must concur to make; not judges
of the law in criminal cases; must be a presentment or
indictment before there can be a trial, n. 212.

JURY. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other-
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict-
ment of a grand jury, &c. Amendments....

(See Indictment-Presentment. See notes 253-257, and
267.)

JURY. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of
the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law. Amendments....

JURY.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by a jury
shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be
otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States
than according to the rules of the common law. Amend-

This includes all suits except those in equity or
admiralty, n. 263. Parties may waive jury trial, n. 263.
JUSTICE. Constitution ordained in order to establish. Preamble.
Justicé defined, and how to be attained, n. 8.

JUSTICE. The Chief-Justice shall preside when the President is
tried on an impeachment..

JUSTICE. Fugitives from justice to be delivered up and removed
to the State having jurisdiction of the crime

(See Fugitive, note 223.) Copied from the Articles
of Confederation, Art. IV. p. 10. (See Delivered Up,
n. 224.)

KANSAS. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, p. 61.

One repre-
sentative, n. 24. Population, n. 24, pp. 69, 70. Assigned to
the eighth judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Admitted into
the Union, n. 230. Ratified the 18th amendment, n. 274;
and the 14th, n. 275.

KENTUCKY. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, p. 61. Nine rep-
resentatives, n. 24. Population during the different

decades, n. 24, p. 69, 70. Assigned to the sixth judicial
circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Admitted into the Union, n. 230.
Rejected the 13th amendment, n. 274; and the 14th,
n. 275.
KING, prince, or foreign State. No title of nobility shall be
granted by the United States, and no person holding any
office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolu-
ments, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any
king, prince, or foreign State...

Office defined, n. 151. The inhibition does not extend
to private citizens, n. 151.

KING, RUFUS, of Massachusetts. Signed the Constitution, pp. 41, 252.
KING, WILLIAM R. Vice-President, n. 37. Presiding officer of
the Senate, n. 38, p. 80.

LABOR. No person held to service or labor in one State, shall be
discharged from such service or labor in another State....
This means slaves or apprentices, n. 226. (See Fugitive,
n. 206.)
LAND. A civil law conveyance of, how proved, n. 219, p. 221. A
Territory is the compass or tract of, &c. (See Territory,
n. 231.) Land and territory are equivalents, Id. A grant
of, is a title emanating from the sovereignty of the soil,
n. 207.
LAND and naval forces. Congress shall have power to make rules
for the government and regulation of the land and naval
forces....

To make defined; the rules where found, n. 129.
LAND ceded to or purchased by the United States. Congress shall
have power to exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases
whatsoever, over all places purchased by the consent of
the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for
the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and
other needful buildings..

(See Arsenals-District.)

LAND forces. (See Army--Militia.)
LANDS. The judicial power shall extend to controversies between
citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of
different States..

If the grants are from different States, the federal court
has jurisdiction, n. 207.

LANGDON, JOHN, of New Hampshire. Signed the Constitution,
pp. 41, 250. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 78.
LANGWORTHY, EDWARD, of Georgia. Signed Articles of Confeder-
ation, p. 21.

LAURENS, HENRY, of S. C. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.
LAW. The actual enumeration of the people, or census, shall be

made within three years after the first meeting of the
Congress of the United States, and within every subse-
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by
law direct..

LAW. A person convicted on an impeachment shall, nevertheless,
be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment,
according to law.

LAW. The times, places, and manner, of holding elections for
senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each
State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at
any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except
as to the places of choosing senators.

If the legislature fail, the governor may name a reason-
able time, notes 30, 41. The power, how far exercised by
Congress, n. 41. Does not give the power to fix the quali-
fications, n. 41. Denied since the 13th amendment, n. 274.
LAW. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year
and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in Decem-
ber, unless they shall by law appoint a different day......