for violating the liquor law is not excessive, n. 267. Dis-
franchisement is not unusual punishment, n. 267. Of ten
thousand dollars for disregarding the tenure of office law,
n. 184, pp. 180, 181, § 5, 6, 9.

FITZPATRICK, BENJAMIN. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38,
p. 81.

FITZSIMONS, THOMAS. Deputy from Pennsylvania. Signed this
Constitution, pp. 42, 252.

:

FLORIDA. Qualifications of voters in, n. 17, p. 60. Entitled to
one representative, n. 24, p. 69. Number of inhabitants,
n. 24, pp. 69, 70. Did not vote in Presidential election of
1864, n. 167. Assigned to fifth judicial circuit, n. 191.
Inhabitants made citizens, n. 220, p. 222, § 4. Admitted
into the Union, n. 230. Ratified 13th amendment, n. 274,
and rejected 14th, n. 275. One of the rebel States, n. 276,
p. 282, § 1.
Government declared provisional, n. 276, p.
286, § 1. Held convention in, n. 277. Registered voters
in, n. 278.

FLOYD, WILLIAM, of New York. Signed the Dec. of Ind. p. 7.
FOOTE, SOLOMON. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 81.
FOREIGN birth. The power of naturalization is only applicable to

persons of, n. 274, p. 276.

FOREIGN coin. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin.

To coin money and regulate defined, notes 97, 98, 99. Congress has always exercised the power, n. 100. As a legal tender considered, notes 82, 84, 97, 155. First legaltender act was in favor, of, n. 155.

FOREIGN extradition jurisdiction is purely political, n. 225.
FOREIGN, jurisdiction, to our Constitution, Dec. of Ind. p. 4
FOREIGN nations. Congress shall have. power to regulate com-
merce with foreign nations.

To regulate defined, 85. Commerce, 86. Commerce
with foreign nations, between citizens of the United States,
and citizens or subjects of foreign governments, n. 87
This power is complete in itself, n. 87, p. 106.

FOREIGN power. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with any foreign power..

•

Agreement or compact defined, n. 164. This prohibition is political, Id. It was intended to cut off all negotiations and intercourse between the State authorities and foreign nations, n. 164

FOREIGN State. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State...

or

Office defined; does not extend to private citizens, n. 151. FOREIGN State. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Amendments.

This is amendatory of the second section of the third article, notes 205a, 270. To prevent States being sued by citizens or foreigners, n. 270.

FOREIGN States, citizens, or subjects. The judicial power shall extend to controversies between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects....

Only where the State is plaintiff or defendant in error, 205a, 270. The history of the subject, 205a. The interest of the State must appear of record, 205a, 270.

FORFEITURE. No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted....

(See Attainder and Corruption of Blood, n. 217.) Felony caused forfeiture of lands or goods at common law, n. 113. A pardon does not restore offices forfeited, nor property nor interests vested in others, n. 177, p. 174.

FORM a more perfect union. The Constitution established in order. to form a more perfect union. Preamble

Stronger than the Articles of Confederation, n. 7.

FORTS, &c. Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legislation over forts, &c..

This carries the right to punish for offenses committed
within the, n. 137.

FOSTER, LAFAYETTE S. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 81.
FRANCHISE, ELECTIVE. Citizenship has no connection with fran-

chise or voting, eligibility to office, or political rights, n.
275, p. 275, notes 16, 18. Curtailment of to curtail repre-
sentation, n. 280. The probable effect of this upon the
States, Id.

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. Deputy from Pennsylvania. Signed the
Déc. of Ind. p. 7; and this Constitution, pp. 42, 252.
FRANKLIN, JESSE. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 79.
FREE and independent States. The thirteen colonies declared, p. 6.
FREE State. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the secu-

rity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and
bear arms shall not be infringed. Amendments

This clause has reference to a free government, n. 249. FREEDMEN. Laws for the protection of, enacted under 13th amendment, n. 174.

FREEDOM of speech and the press. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. Amendments

Freedoin defined, n. 249. And of the press, u. 247. The people and right of petition defined, n. 248.

FUGITIVES from justice. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime..

Person defined; flee defined, n. 222. A fugitive from justice may be arrested and detained until requisition, n. 224. The duty of the governor, Id. The Supreme Court cannot force the governor, Id. The fugitive must be claimed as such, and must be one, n. 224. Shall be delivered up defined, n. 225. Sufficient warrant to arrest a fugitive, Id. Cannot be surrendered after acquittal or pardon, Id.

FUGITIVE slaves. No person held to service or labor in one State,
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in
consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.
Person defined, n. 226. State extends to Territories and
District of Columbia, n. 226. Escape defined, n. 227. Ap-
prentices included, Id. The President could cause the
delivery of fugitive slaves among the Indian tribes, Id.
The owner's power over the fugitive, Id. The power of
Congress exclusive on the subject, n. 227, p. 233. The
right to reclaim fugitive slaves secured, Id. The delivery
contemplates summary proceedings, n. 228. This clause
was a treaty, Id.

GAILLARD, JOHN. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 79.
GAUGING. Instruments to be procured for, n. 102, p. 117.
GENERAL. The highest grade in the army, n. 124.
GENERAL laws. Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the

manner in which the public acts, records, and judicial pro-
ceedings of States shall be proved, and the effect thereof..

The several acts and decisions thereon, which have been
prescribed under this clause, n. 219.

GENERAL Welfare. The Constitution established to promote the
general welfare. Preamble

This clause defined, n. 10.
federate Constitution, n. 5.

Was stricken out of the Con-

GENERAL Welfare. Congress shall have power to provide for the
general welfare.

Judge Story's reading of this clause, n. 80. Mr. Jeffer-
son's construction, n. 80.

GEORGIA. Signed the Dec. of Ind. p. 8; the Articles of Con-
federation, pp. 9, 21; and the Constitution of the United
States, pp. 43, 252. Qualifications for voters in, n. 17, p. 60.
GEORGIA. Entitled to three representatives in the first Congre4s.

Seven representatives by the census of 1860, n. 24, p. 69.
Population through each decade, n. 24, pp. 69, 70. Did not
vote in the presidential election of 1864, n. 167. Assigned
to fifth judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Ceded Alabama and
Mississippi, notes 230, 231, 232. Ratified the 13th consti-
tutional amendment, n. 274, and rejected the 14th, n. 275.
Declared one of the rebel States, n. 276, p. 282. Civil gov-
ernment subject to military control, n. 274, p. 286, § 1.
Held convention, 277. Registered voters in, Id.

GERRY, ELBRIDGE, of Mass. Signed the Dec. of Ind., p. 7; and
Articles of Confederation, p. 21. Vice-President, n. 37.
GILMAN, NICHOLAS. Deputy from New Hampshire. Signed this
Constitution, pp. 42, 252.

GOD, ALMIGHTY. (See Almighty God, n. 5.)

GOD, the act of, not to affect the termination of services, n. 274.
GOLD and silver coin. No State shall make any thing but gold and

silver coin a tender in payment of debts..

Remark upon this, n. 152. But Congress may make
paper a legal tender, notes 83, 97, 98, 99, 100, 155. This
denied, notes 97-100. Examples of paper legal tenders,
n. 83.
The first legal-tender act was in favor of foreign
coin, n. 155.
Good behavior. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior

That is for life or until impeachment, notes 191, 192, 193,
194, 197. The precedents of impeachment for want of,
n. 194.
GORHAM, NATHANIEL, of Mass. Signed the Constitution, pp.41, 252.
GOVERNING the militia. Congress shall have power to provide for
governing such part of the militia as may be employed in
the service of the United States..

This power defined, n. 134. Power of the President
over, notes 134, 135.

GOVERNMENT. The Constitution created a, not a mere compact,
Pref. p. viii. notes 2, 4. Cannot take the rights of the
citizen away, except by due course of law, n. 257. Grand
juries hear the evidence of the government only, n. 233.
Reasons for the exclusive in the District of Columbia,
n. 136. How it is changed by abolishing slavery, n. 274.
Changes in the, silent and conventional, n. 286, p. 293.
The fallacy that the President is the government, Id. The
decisions and influence of the judicial department of,
Id. 294. The revolutions which have marked the history
will be found where, Id. p. 294.

GOVERNMENT. Congress shall have power to make rules for the
government and regulation of the land and naval forces...
These rules, how made and where found, n. 129.
GOVERNMENT of the United States. Congress shall have power to
make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other
powers vested by this Constitution in the government
of the United States, or in any department or office
thereof..

(See power discussed, notes 71, 128.) Does not mean abso-

lutely necessary, n. 138. This enlarges, does not limit, n. 138. Necessary discussed, n. 138. Calhoun's definition, n. 228. Compared with other subjects, notes 262, 264, 269; with "appropriate" in the thirteenth amendment, n. 274, p. 276. (See note 46.) GOVERNMENT. Congress shall make no law abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Amendments.

The people used in the broadest sense, n. 248. The right of petition and the extent, to the government, n. 248. GOVERNMENT. Republican form of, guaranteed. The United States shall guarantee to every State in the Union a republican form of government.

The duty is on the government; Congress to decide what is the State government, n. 233. Guarantee and every State defined, n. 233, pp. 242, 286. Republican form of, defined and discussed, n. 248, p. 243. No legal State governments exist in the ten rebel States, n. 276, p. 282, preamble. Held subject to the wiil of the military commanders and of Congress, n. 284, p. 286, § 1. Power of the military commanders to remove the officers of the so-called, n. 274, pp. 286, 287, § 2. To remove all who are disloyal to the government of the United States or oppose reconstruction, Id. § 4.

GOVERNMENT. Seat of government established

Ceded by Maryland and Virginia, n. 137.

GRAIN. A weight of the metric system, n. 102, p. 118, § 2.
GRAND jury. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
indictment of a grand jury, &c. Amendments

Slaves were not persons within the meaning of this
clause, n. 253. Capital, &c., crime defined, n. 253. Pre-
sentment and indictment defined, Id. Grand jury not less
than twelve nor more than twenty-three, n. 253. Regu-
lated by statute, Id.

GRANT. No State shall grant any title of nobility.
GRANT. The President shall have power to grant reprieves and
pardons for offenses against the United States, except in
cases of impeachment.....

Reprieves and pardons defined and discussed, n. 177. To
grant a reprieve is to withdraw a sentence of death for a
time, n. 177.

GRANT, ULYSSES S. General of the United States army, n. 124. GRANTED powers. All legislative powers granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States...

Legislative power defined, n. 14. Congress defined and discussed, n. 15. The wisdom of this division of power. n. 15.

GRANTING Commissions. The President shall have power to fill
up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the
Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the
end of their next session

This subject discussed and compared with the Civil
Rights Bill, n. 185. How the vacancies may occur, Id.
How long these commissions last, n. 186. Limitation of the
power, n. 184, p. 180, § 3.

GRANTS of States. The judicial power shall extend to cases be-
tween citizens of the same State claiming lands under
grants of different States..........

Grier, RoberT C. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, n. 197.

GROW, GALUSHA A. Speaker of the House, n. 26, p. 78.

GRIEVANCES. Congress shall make no law abridging the right of
the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the gov-
ernment for a redress of grievances. Amendments..
Must be determined by the power of the government to
afford the redress, n. 248.

GUARANTY. The United States shall guaranty to every State in
this Union a republican form of government.

Guaranty defined, n. 253. (See Government.) Every
State extends also to inchoate States, n. 233.

GWINNETT, BUTTON, of Georgia. Signed the Dec. of Ind.

p. 7.

HABEAS CORPUS. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may reqnire it.........

Privilege defined, n. 140. When the President may suspend it, or disobey the writ, notes 140, 162. Habeas corpus defined, n. 141. Congress alone may suspend the writ, n. 141. Denied, n. 140. When it may be issued by the federal courts, n. 141, p. 141. When the State courts cannot release under it, n. 141, p. 142. Not when committed by the federal government, n. 141, p. 143. The act of 1863, suspending the writ, Id. His proclamation suspending the writ, Id. The courts judicially noticed the end of the rebellion, n. 141, p. 144. The writ in favor of the assassins disobeyed, Id. The writ the remedy for false imprisonment, Id. When for contempts, Id. The laws of Pennsylvania about, n. 141, p. 145. The demarcations between the federal and State governments defined, n. 141, pp. 148, 149. The distinction between process and imprisonment, Id. The rights of the citizen to claim the benefit of the writ of habeas corpus is an immunity, n. 221, p. 226.

HALL, LYMAN, of Georgia. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 8.

HAMILTON, ALEXANDEB, of N. Y. Signed the Constitution, p. 42.
HAMLIN, HANNIBAL. Vice-President of United States, n. 87.
HANCOCK, JOHN, of Massachusetts. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 7°
and Articles of Confederation, p. 21.

HANSON, JOHN, of Maryland. Signed Articles of Confederation,
p. 21.
HAPPEN. When vacancies happen in the representation from any
State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies.......

The governors may act without waiting for the house or
waiting for a resignation of the vacancy really exist, n. 45.
HAPPEN. When vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise,
during the recess of the legislature of any State, the exec-
utive thereof may make temporary appointments, &c.....
The vacancy, how it happens, n. 32. The executive can-
not appoint before the vacancy actually happens, n. 33.
HAPPEN. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies
that may happen during the recess of the Senate, &c....
Vacancies, happen, &c., defined and discussed, n. 185.
The power limited by the tenure of office bill, n. 184, p. 180,
§ 3.
HARNETT, CORNS., of N. C. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.
HARRISON, THOMAS, of Virginia. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 7.
HARRISON, WILLIAM H. President, n. 166, p. 163.

HART, JOHN, of New Jersey. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 7; and Arti cles of Confederation, p. 21.

HARVIE, JOHN, of Virginia. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21 HEADS of Departments. The President may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices..

What are these cabinet departments, n. 176. The practice as to the opinions, Id.

HEADS of Departments. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

Who are such inferior officers, n. 183.

HEWES, JOSEPH, of North Carolina. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 8.
HEYWARD, Jr., THOMAS, of South Carolina. Signed Dec. of Ind.

p. 8; and Articles of Confederation, p. 21.