Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/NanoscalesBharat Bhushan Springer Science & Business Media, 2001 M03 31 - 964 pages The word tribology was fIrst reported in a landmark report by P. Jost in 1966 (Lubrication (Tribology)--A Report on the Present Position and Industry's Needs, Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London). Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. The popular equivalent is friction, wear and lubrication. The economic impact of the better understanding of tribology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion is known to be immense. Losses resulting from ignorance of tribology amount in the United States alone to about 6 percent of its GNP or about $200 billion dollars per year (1966), and approximately one-third of the world's energy resources in present' use, appear as friction in one form or another. A fundamental understanding of the tribology of the head-medium interface in magnetic recording is crucial to the future growth of the $100 billion per year information storage industry. In the emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, tribology is also recognized as a limiting technology. The advent of new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques (starting with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981) to measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant-fIlm thickness, mechanical properties all on a micro to nanometer scale, and to image lubricant molecules and the availability of supercomputers to conduct atomic-scale simulations has led to the development of a new fIeld referred to as Microtribology, Nanotribology, or Molecular Tribology (see B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili and U. |
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Contents
Atomic Scale Origin of Adhesion and Friction | 41 |
Dissipation Mechanisms Studied by Dynamic Force Microscopies | 67 |
FrictionalForce Imaging and Friction Mechanisms with a Lattice Periodicity | 83 |
Atomic Scale Origins of Force Interaction | 103 |
Dynamic Friction Measurement with the Scanning Force Microscope | 121 |
Towards the Ideal NanoFriction Experiment | 137 |
Investigation of the Mechanics of Nanocontacts Using a Vibrating | 151 |
A Scanning Probe and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of C60 on Mica | 171 |
Determining the Nanoscale Friction and Wear Behavior of Si SiC | 503 |
On Some Similarities of Structural Modification in Wear and Fatigue | 525 |
Wear Mechanism of Carbon MaterialSteel Slide Bearing in Polluted Atmosphere | 543 |
Testing Tribological Behaviour of IonBeam Mixed Surface Layers | 557 |
Tribological Aspects of Wear of LaserSintered Rapid Prototype Tools | 571 |
Nanoscale Lubrication and Friction Control | 607 |
Tribology of Ideal and NonIdeal Surfaces and Fluids | 631 |
Nanoscale Wetting and DeWetting of Lubricants with Scanning Polarization | 651 |
Effect of Electrostatic Interactions on Frictional Forces in Electrolytes | 199 |
Adsorption of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces and its Relevance | 215 |
Theory and Simulations of Friction Between Flat Surfaces Lubricated | 235 |
Experimental Aspects of Friction Research on the Macroscale | 258 |
A Review | 279 |
Relationship Between Structure and Internal Friction in CoPt and FePd Alloys | 299 |
A Model for Adhesive Forces in Miniature Systems | 331 |
UltraLow Friction Between Water Droplet and Hydrophobic Surface | 345 |
AFM as a New Tool in Characterisation of Mesoporous Ceramics as Materials | 349 |
Surface Damage Under Reciprocating Sliding | 377 |
Third | 393 |
Fretting Wear Behaviour of a Titanium Alloy | 413 |
Macro and Micro Aspects | 439 |
When Micro meets Macro | 467 |
Nanostructuring of Calcite Surfaces by Tribomechanical Etching with | 487 |
The Study of Very Thin Lubricant Films in High Pressure Contacts Using | 663 |
Scaling Issues in the Measurement of Monolayer Films | 691 |
New Electrolytes for Electrochemical Study in Hydrocarbon Solution | 711 |
From Macro to Microscale Effects | 725 |
Fluid Film Lubrication with Applications to Machine Elements | 747 |
Flow Modeling of Thin Films from Macroscale to Nanoscale | 767 |
Bridging the Gap Between Macro | 799 |
MicroNanoscale Tribology of MEMS Materials Lubricants and Devices | 821 |
Macro and Microtribology of Information Storage and Retrieval Devices | 851 |
High Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging of TriboSurfaces | 869 |
Permanent Magnetic Levitation and Stability | 899 |
Load Carrying Capacity of HeavyDuty Porous Journal Bearings | 915 |
Condition Monitoring Tools for Tribologists | 931 |
Author Index | 951 |
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Common terms and phrases
adhesion adhesion force adsorbed amplitude applied asperity atomic force atomic force microscope bearing behavior Bhushan bonds boundary cantilever chemical coefficient of friction confined contact angle contact area corresponding curves cycles debris decrease deformation disk dissipation distance dynamic effect elastic electron equation experimental Figure film thickness fluid force microscopy frequency friction and wear friction coefficient friction force function hexadecane hysteresis increase interaction interface Israelachvili lateral force layer liquid lubricant film magnetic material measurements mechanical MEMS metal method mica Micro/Nanoscales microscale molecular molecules monolayer motion nanometer NC-AFM normal force normal load oscillation parameters particles PFPE Phys polymer polysilicon potential pressure probe properties quasicrystals radius regime sample scale scan shear shot peened shows silicon simulations slip stick-slip stiction structure substrate surface energy surface roughness technique temperature thermal thin tip-sample tribometer velocity viscosity wear rate