lighting urban areas with compact florescent bulbs, replacing malfunctioning steam traps in district heating systems with state-of-the-art steam traps, or providing solar-powered refrigerators to remote villages so that medicine can be stored. There are opportunities for all groups, both big and small, rich and poor. In my view, global cooperation is a prerequisite for sustainable development. Sustainable development requires our balancing of our environmental and economic needs, both here and abroad. U.S. technologies and services provide a means for growth to occur without harming the environment. Consequently, by bolstering U.S. industry's access to and competitiveness in burgeoning markets, we promote growth in a responsible manner. Joint Implementation and Presidential Energy Trade Missions: Leveraging Opportunities The Climate Change Convention describes an international cooperative program called Joint Implementation. Joint Implementation is meant to stimulate public and private sector interests in different countries to work together to reduce projected greenhouse gas emissions and to support sustainable development projects in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. One of the roles of the Department of Energy is to assist domestic private sector interests and partner countries to identify opportunities and to proceed to project implementation. We will also provide technical assistance, as our resources permit. And as I will now discuss, we will continue to develop umbrella agreements with interested govemments that will foster the conditions for the formation of Joint Implementation projects and for cooperation with developing countries. Presidential Missions to India and Pakistan To help engage more nations in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gases, the Department of Energy has made climate change a key topic of our recent trade missions to India and Pakistan. These nations are illustrative of why we need to engage developing nations in the effort to combat climate change. India needs to add 60,000 megawatts of electric power by the year 2000. Pakistan's development is hobbled at times by up to a 33 percent shortfall in meeting energy demands and it plans to add 5,000 megawatts of electric power by the end of 1997. These growth patterns are the norm in South Asia, and are particularly evident in China, where 500 megawatts of electric power are added every two weeks, on average. If these needs ayre met with the technology normally used in these nations, greenhouse gas emissions will be significantly higher than they would be if some of the needs are met with demand-side efficiency improvements, renewable energy or higher efficiency generation equipment. This is one message our missions delivered loud and clear. President Clinton recognizes how much American firms have to offer in clean energy production. He authorized our missions to proceed under his Presidential banner to signify the importance he places, not just on sustainable energy production, but on creating American jobs by helping our firms win their fair share of energy and environmental business available in other countries. Our missions added a new feature to missions of this kind in the past- that of environmental cooperation on climate change. In each mission, we identified key outcomes that our delegates desired, and each time the attainment of joint projects to reduce greenhouse gases was one of our strategic goals. To ensure that these goals were met, we included delegates from environmental organizations, energy efficiency and renewable energy businesses, as well as traditional energy developers. In the end, both missions achieved government agreements and private business deals that broadened our cooperation with these nations on climate change, particularly in the area of joint implementation. And more importantly, both missions created a spirit of good will with our host nations that will be a strong foundation for future cooperation. The Presidential Mission on Sustainable Energy and Trade to India in July advanced U.S.-Indo business deals valued at nearly $3 billion. Most of these agreements involved renewable energy and high efficiency natural gas-fired power stations that exceed the efficiency of existing power plants in India. While it is up to the participants in these projects to consider whether they would like to be considered as joint implementation pilot projects, one of them was designed as such a pilot project from the start. It involves Lockheed Environmental Services, Econergy International and Duke Engineering in partnership with four Indian sugar mills. The project will retrofit existing sugar mills to use the bagasse waste as fuel and to cogenerate electricity with the steam currently used in the mill operation. The environmental benefits will be evaluated by the Tata Energy Research Institute of New Delhi and the Environmental Defense Fund of New York. The Department of Energy also entered an agreement with the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests to cooperate on deployment of environmentally beneficial technology in India. We also agreed to work with the Indian government to replicate some of our climate action programs in India. where there is tremendous opportunity for efficiency gains and deployment of renewable energy. Just last month, the Presidential Mission on Energy Investment in Pakistan created an opportunity to advance joint implementation even further. Recognizing the extremely competitive international finance market for power projects, Pakistan has recently taken center stage with a set of incentives that makes it one of the most attractive foreign investment targets for U.S. power developers. This enabled our mission to advance U.S.-Pakistan business deals valued at $4 billion. These included several renewable energy projects, one including power generation from rice hulls, and others on small 'hydropower development and solar energy. And a leading U.S. manufacturer of steam traps entered a $1 million agreement to deploy these energy-saving devices in a textile mill. On the government side, the Department of Energy entered into an agreement with the Environment and Urban Affairs Commission of Pakistan to create a cooperative effort to identify potential joint implementation pilot projects, to match them with potential private sector partners and to monitor the results. Joint implementation pilots could play an important role in ensuring that climate mitigation gets consideration as Pakistan's energy market reforms take hold. We also convened a special roundtable to discuss environmental cooperation, particularly climate change, with key environmental leaders from govemment and private groups. Technology Cooperation with Austria In addition to our recent activities in Pakistan, that trip included an earlier stop in Austria, where Minister of the Environment, Youth and Family Affairs, Maria Rauch-Kallet, and I signed, on behalf of our organizations, a memorandum to carry out consultations on environmental and energy-related issues, with early emphasis on climate change and international greenhouse gases emissions mitigation opportunities. This agreement, I believe, will be very useful to our joint international activities to better understand and deal with climate change threats and concems. Both countries recognize the importance of early assistance to the non-OECD countries listed in the Convention's Annex I (the Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries) for their meeting of their emission reduction commitments. Therefore, Austria has proposed, and we have agreed to, the joint conduct of a conference in Austria this December involving public and private sector representatives of these countries as well as from Austria and our country. The conference will discuss how to better assist these countries in meeting their obligations under the Climate Change Convention. It will include discussion of assistance opportunities available to them such as the U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation and the U.S. Environmental Technologies Initiative. I believe that this conference will continue a fruitful dialogue between Austria and the United States as we work for greater understanding of each other's views on climate change and other related environmental topics. Technology Cooperation with Russia Russia is another country with which we are working on projects that will help control greenhouse gas emissions. In September 1993, I signed a Memorandum of Cooperation with Yuriy Shafranik, Minister of Fuels and Energy of the Russian Federation, for cooperation on energy efficiency and renewable energy. Under that Memorandum, we have made U.S. expertise available for the review of draft legislation, for discussion of efficiency standards for major energy-consuming equipment, and for training of Russian staff on financial mechanisms that can be used to support commercial projects in the area of energy efficiency. I expect that by the next session of the Gore-Chemomyrdin Commission we will be able to announce financing for one or more new commercial projects, so that we start to see a flurry of privately-developed projects in an area where the efficiency resource is enormous, although hard to tap. Technology Cooperation with Eastern European Countries In addition, the Department of Energy has also been actively involved with many Eastern European countries in initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, up to $20 million has been provided to the city of Krakow for a Clean Fossil Fuels Energy Efficiency Project, which is designed to significantly decrease the emissions of small boilers and home fumaces. CO2 emission reductions of about 15 percent are expected to be achieved through the use of clean coal technology and efficiency improvements in the district heating system. This week, also in Poland, the Department's Office of Fossil Energy, in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency, is co-sponsoring a conference titled, "The International Conference on Coalbed Methane Utilization." The purpose of this conference is to actively promote technology cooperation and partnerships among various private and public sector partners in the utilization of this valuable energy resource. Growing interest in this resource as an abundant, economical, energy source as well as the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including methane, has prompted worldwide interest in this subject. This conference is expected to significantly advance intemational partnerships in the development of coalbed methane, particularly in Eastern Europe. At this point, I would also like to report that all is going well with the Decin project in the Czech Republic. I witnessed the initial agreement between the Center for Clean Air Policy, several utility partners, and Mayor Milan Kunc of Decin, this past April. This project, which involves the switching of a plant from coal to natural gas, is a joint implementation pilot candidate. This project will benefit both the regional and global environment. Greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide, will be reduced by over 65 percent. At the same time, sulfur dioxide emissions and coal ash will be virtually eliminated, and air toxics and particulates will be greatly reduced. Joint Implementation in the Americas Last Friday, I had the pleasure of attending the signing of a statement of intent by Vice President Gore for the United States and President Figueres for Costa Rica in the area of joint implementation. I am greatly encouraged by the innovation and creativity with which the new government of Costa Rica is embracing both the goal of sustainable development and the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. I believe it will act as an example to other developing nations, especially our other neighbors in the Caribbean and in Central and South America. I believe the message of this - agreement is beginning to be recognized that sustainable development and greenhouse gas emission reductions need not be accomplished by nations singularly but rather should be accomplished collectively and that these are laudable goals. It is in all our interests to make the world sustainable and to do so in cost-effective ways. This agreement represents the first small concrete step along this path. U.S. Country Studies Program The Administration has created two programs to facilitate international reductions in greenhouse gas emissions: the U.S. Country Studies Program and the pilot U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation. The U.S. Country Studies program, initiated in 1993, provides a strong base for bolstering cooperative |