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MEMOIR-MARINER-MERCHANT-BANKER,

LAST WILL-LEGAL ADJUDICATION,
HORACE BINNEY-CHARITABLE TRUSTS,
DANIEL WEBSTER-RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION,

JUSTICE STORY-DECISION OF SUPREME COURT,

VII. SMITH COLLEGE FÓR FEMALES AND ITS FOUNDER,

L. MISS SOPHIA SMITH, HATFIELD, Mass.,

VIII THE SMITH CHARITIES, -

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II. VAN DER PALM-SCHOOL REFORM IN HOLLAND,
MEMOIR-STUDENT-PREACHER-INSPECTOR,
REPUBLIC OF BATAVIA-SCHOOL INSPECTION,

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III. SCHOOLS AS THEY WERE IN R. I. Tenth Article,
CHANNING'S REMINISCENCES OF SCHOOLS IN NEWPORT, 1800, -
PRESIDENT MANNING AT WARREN AND PROVIDENCE,
JOHN HOWLAND-FREE SCHOOLS IN PROVIDENCE,
IV. STUDIES AND CONDUCT. Second Series,

I. JONATHAN EDWARDS-RESOLUTIONS FOR A HOLY LIFE,
II. SIR WALTER RALEIGH-INSTRUCTIONS TO HIS SON,
III BENJAMIN FRANKLIN-LETTER TO HIS DAUGHTER,
IV. WILLIAM WIRT-LETTERS TO HIS DAUGHTERS,
V. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN ANCIENT GREECE,
HOME AND EARLY SCHOOL INSTRUCTION,
GYMNASTICS AND PHYSICAL TRAINING,
DOMESTIC EDUCATION OF WOMEN,

THE COLLEGE IN ATHENS,

SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME II.

December, 1877.

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REESE LIBRARY

CE THE

UNIVERSITY
CALIFORNIA

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION.

MISSIONS AND SCHOOLS FOR THE INDIANS.

EFFORTS TO CIVILIZE AND CHRISTIANIZE THE INDIAN TRIBES.

Before submitting some considerations on the purely instructional work which has been attempted with the children and youth of the Indian tribes now within the limits of the United States, we will note in the briefest possible manner the efforts put forth by societies and individuals under the auspices, more or less direct, of the governments, either of the mother country or of the colonies that exercised sovereign authority over the territory, to change the social condition and religious opinions and practices of these tribes. Any notice, however brief, would be grossly imperfect which did not mention the earliest missions of the Catholic church under the encouragement or express directions of the Spanish and French governments, although these missions were commenced and their directing authorities resided beyond our territorial limits and jurisdiction. The annals of Christianity will be searched in vain for more touching instances of religious obedience, of utter self-negation, of heroic endurance of pain and privation, and sublime devotion to duty, than the history of these missions presents.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

All the expeditions of discovery and settlement which left Spain after the genius of Columbus had given a new world to Ferdinand and Isabella, were accompanied by clergymen of the Catholic church, usually acting with the strength of some religious association. One of the first, if not the first body of missionaries, consisted of three Dominican friars who landed on the island of Hispaniola in 1510; they were followed in 1516 by a delegation of Jeronimites, who proceeded to Mexico, and, under instructions from Ximenes, organized their mission house, so as to employ an Indian, trained for this purpose, as sacristan, "who was to teach the children of the Caciques and principal men, and also to endeavor to make the adults speak Spanish." They were soon succeeded by twelve Franciscans, who had a convent at Huexot

zinco in 1524. We will not follow the history of these Mexican missions, of which interesting details will be found in the original authorities given at the close of this chapter, and out of which the Spanish missions within the present limits of the United States sprang.

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The earliest Spanish mission, within the present limits of the United States, was attempted in Florida, in 1528, by a number of Franciscans, under the direction of Father John Juarez, who accompanied the expedition of Narvaez, projected in 1526 for the conquest of that peninsula. This attempt failed, and another scarcely more successful effort was made by Father Olmos, of the same order, in 1544, and by Father LouisCancer, a Dominican, in 1547, under the sanction of the sovereign, Philip II, who at the same time issued a royal decree restoring to freedom every native of Florida held in bondage. Both of these leaders were men of the highest culture, and indomitable zeal. The first, Father Olmos, came to Mexico in 1528, with Bishop Zumarraga, and soon mastered the language of the Mexican, Totonac, Tepeguan, and Guasteca Indians; in each of which languages he composed a grammar, vocabulary, catechism, and instructions on the sacraments The latter, Father Cancer, lost his life seeking in an unarmed vessel, and with an unarmed company, to plant the standard of Christianity among the natives of Florida. Other attempts were made in 1553 and 1559, by members of the same order, one of whom, Father Peter Martinez de Feria, prior and procurator of the Mexican mission, composed a grammar in the Indian language, for the use of the converts and teachers. A more successful mission was projected in 1562, consisting of eleven Franciscans, one father of the order of mercy, a secular priest, and eight Jesuits; a portion of whom were engaged in their labors at St. Augustine, in 1566. Two of the Jesuit fathers mastered the language by the help of natives found in Havana, where they composed a vocabulary, and commenced a school for Florida children.

In this mission the Jesuits took the lead, Florida having been made a vice-province of the order, with Father John Baptist Segura as viceprovincial, and several fathers and brothers as colaborers; but at the close of 1568 they had met with so little success among the tribes of Florida and the regions north, which is now known as Georgia and Carolina, that they were about to report the mission a failure, when Pope Pius V, and the head of the order, Francis Borgia, came to their

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*For the few facts presented in the following notices of the Spanish and French missions, the writer is indebted, mainly to Shea's History of Catholic Missions Among the Indian Tribes of the United States," (New York, 1855,) and to the authorities cited therein, and to Parkman's "The Jesuits in North America," (Boston, 1867.)

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