itation of time than that which shall appear suitable in every case at the pleasure of the discreet Rector or Chancellor. 2. In the study of arts the terms shall be arranged, in which the natural sciences shall be read, and for which not less than three years will be sufficient; besides these a further period of six months shall be reserved for repetitions, and keeping the acts of the schools, and taking the Master's degree, by those who shall take it. There will elapse a period therefore of three years and a half before any advancement to the Master's degree. And in every year one such course shall be commenced, and another by God's help accomplished. 3. The course of theology shall comprise six years. In the first four all that is necessary shall be read; in the other two, besides the repetition, the usual acts for the Doctor's degree shall be kept by those who are to be raised to it. Every fourth year the course shall ordinarily be commenced, the books to be read being so arranged that a student may begin on any one of the four years; and through the remainder of the four years commenced and of so much of the four years to follow, down to the period corresponding to the term when he began, he may complete a course of theology in four years. 4. In the degrees as well of Masters of Arts as of Doctors of Divinity, let three things be observed: First, let no one be advanced until he be diligently and publicly examined by persons appointed, who shall carefully perform this duty, and he shall be found qualified for that science, whether he belong to the society or not; Secondly, That the door may be closed against ambition, no fixed places shall be assigned to those who are raised to degrees, but let them rather study in honor to prefer one another, without observing any difference of places; Thirdly, As the society instructs gratuitously, so let it raise to degrees gratuitously; and to those without the society, let very little expense, although voluntary, be permitted, lest custom at length obtain the force of law; and in this point in the course of time they exceed moderation. Let the Rector take care also not to permit the masters, or any others of the society, to receive, for themselves or the College, money, or any gift from any one for anything done for his service; since the Lord Christ alone is to be our reward, our exceeding great reward, according to our Institute. XVI. MORAL TRAINING-THE CORRECTOR. 1. Let diligence be used that they who come to the Universities of the society to study literature, acquire also good morals worthy of Christians; to which it will greatly assist if all go to the sacrament of Confession at least once a month, and hear Mass every day, and a sermon every holy-day, when one is preached. And each of the preceptors will take care that this be done by his pupils. 2. The Catechism shall be rehearsed in College on a certain day of every week, and care shall be taken that boys shall learn and repeat it, and that all of more advanced age, if possible, may know it. 3. Every week also there shall be a declamation, (as was said in treating of the Colleges,) by one of the students on subjects tending to the edification of the hearers, and inciting them to increase in all purity and virtue; that thus their style may not only be exercised, but their morals improved. And all those who understand Latin shall attend these declamations. 4. Neither oaths nor injuries by word or deed shall be permitted in the schools, nor anything indecorous or dissolute in such persons not belonging to the society as frequent them. Let the special attention of perceptors be turned to this, as well in the lessons, when occasion offers, as at other times, to incite their pupils to the service and love of God and of all virtues, by which they may please Him, and to refer all their studies to this object. To keep this in mind, at the commencement of every lesson, let some one pronounce a short prayer to this effect, which the perceptor and all the students shall listen to uncovered. 5. Let a Corrector be appointed, who shall not be of the society, for those who offend as well in what concerns diligence in their studies, as against good morals, and for whom kind words alone, and exhortation are not sufficient, and let him keep the boys in fear, and chastise those who need it, and are capable of this sort of correction. And when neither words nor the office of the Corrector shall suffice, and amendment in any individual is quite hopeless, whilst he seems to be injurious to others, it is better to remove him from the schools, than to retain him where he does no good to himself, and only harm to others. But this decision shall be left to the Rector of the University, that all things may proceed, as is meet, to the glory and service of God. XVII. RECTOR, CHANCELLOR, AND OTHER OFFICIALS. 1. The whole care or superintendence and government of the University shall be in the Rector, who may also be head of the leading College of the Society, and endowed with such gifts of God, of which mention has been made, that he may satisfy the whole University in the fulfilment of the duty committed to him in learning and morals. His election shall belong to the General, or him to whom he shall depute it, as the Provincial or Visitor; but the confirmation shall always rest with the General. The Rector shall have four counsellors, or assistants, to help him in whatever relates to his duty, and with whom he may regulate things of moment. 2. There shall be a Chancellor also, a man well versed in literature, abounding with right zeal and judgment in what is committed to him; whose office shall be to be the general instrument of the Rector in the due arrangement of studies, and in conducting the debates in public acts, and in ascertaining that the learning of those who are to be admitted to acts and degrees (which he shall himself confer) be sufficient. 3. Let there be a Secretary of the society, who shall keep a book in which the names of all the students diligently attending the schools shall be written; and who shall receive their engagements of obedience to be paid to the Rector, and of submission to the constitutions; and who shall keep the seal of the Rector and of the University; all which shall be done without any expense to the students. 4. There shall be a Notary also to give public assurance of degrees taken and other occurrences. Let there be also two or three Beadles, one appointed for the faculty of languages, another of arts, the third of theology. 5. The University shall be divided into these three faculties; and in each of them let there be appointed a Dean, and two more selected from among those most learned in that faculty; who, being summoned by the Rector, may declare what they think most expedient to the good of their faculty; and if anything of this sort occur to them whilst engaged together in these affairs, they shall communicate it to the Rector, even without any summons from him. 6. In matters which concern one faculty only, the Rector shall summon not only the Chancellor and his assistants, but the Dean also and his assistants of that faculty; in matters which relate to all, the Deans and assistants of all shall be summoned. And if the Rector should think proper to summon others to the Convocation whether belonging to the society or not, he may do so; that when he has heard all their opinions, he may better determine what is most expedient. 7. There shall be one general Syndic, to advise the Rector and Provincial and General as well concerning persons as things, as he shall see fit; which Syndic should be a man of great fidelity and judgment. Besides him, the Rector shall have his special Syndics, to bring before him occurrences requiring his inspection in every class. And as he shall write once a year to the General, and twice to the Provincial (who shall inform the General when necessary), respecting all the Preceptors, and others of the society; so also his College, and Syndic, and Counsellors shall write respecting him and others; so that in all things they may proceed with greater circumspection and diligence each in his own peculiar duty. 8. It shall be left to the consideration of the General when any University is admitted, whether the Rector, Chancellor, Beadles, Doctors, and Masters should wear any distinctions by which they may be recognized in the University, or in the Public Acts, or not; and if they wear them, what they shall be. And he shall appoint, either by himself or another, whatever he shall judge, after duly weighing all the circumstances, to be most conducive to the greater glory and service of God and the general good, which is our only aim in this and all our other doings. Note by the Editor.-The words italicised in the early sections of this article were copied inadvertently from the edition, followed by the compositor, of 'The Constitution' of 1558 printed by Rivington, and which were there so marked for a special purpose. The provisions of these Constitutions of Loyola, although generally followed in the criginal establishment of institutions, were essentially modified in the details of organization, studies, and methods, by the commission appointed in 1581 by Acquaviva, and which reported in 1599, the Ratio atque Institutio Studiorum—the rule and methods of the Schools of the Order to this day. FRENCH SCHOOLS AND PEDAGOGY-OLD AND NEW:-Contributions to the History, Organization, Instruction, and Discipline of Schools of different Grades in France. Republished from The American Journal of Education. HENRY BARNARD, LL.D., Ed. 640 pages. 1876. $3.50. CONTENTS. I-HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT-EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1780... II-PEDAGOGICAL VIEWS-OLD AND NEW. PORT ROYALISTS AND THEIR SCHOOLS.. ST. CYR-ARNAULD-PASCAL-NICOLE-TILLEMONT..... i-xvi ix xi 1-204 1-16 5 CHARLES ROLLIN, RECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS.. 17-46 EDUCATION OF YOUTH-END AND MEANS-PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS.. 17 36 SUBJECTS AND METHODS IN SCHOOLS OF DIFFERENT GRADES..... 47-134 49 91 III.-LEGISLATION RESPECTING SCHOOLS FROM 1780 To 1808. 205-218 TALLEYRAND-CONDORCET-DAUNOU-FOURCROY NATIONAL INSTITUTE-NORMAL SCHOOL-POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL.... IV. THE UNIVERSITY OF FRANCE... 2. PRIMARY INSTRUCTION........ 205 212 219-368 1. ADMINISTRATIVE AUthorities. SUBJECTS AND METHODS-ADULTS-INFANT ASYLUMS. 3. SECONDARY INSTRUCTION........ SUBJECTS AND METHODS-SECONDARY SPECIAL....... SUPERIOR NORMAL SCHOOL-CURRICULUM-GRADUATES.... 4. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION........... 219 227 290 293 309 324 337 5. STATISTICS-INTERNATIONAL CRITICISM....... FACULTIES-COLLEGE OF FRANCE-MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY... V.-SPECIAL INSTRUCTION IN SCIENCE AND THE ARTS.. 1. SUBJECTS AND METHODS PREPARATORY TO POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL.... 2. THE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL-ORGANIZATION-STUDIES-METHODS..... 3. SPECIAL SCHOOLS FOR PUBLIC SERVICE-ENGINEERING-MINING....... 5. DESIGNING-LACE MAKING-WATCH MAKING-WEAVING.. 6. ARCHITECTURE-Painting-Drawing-MUSIC 7. COMMERCE-AGRICULTURE-NAVIGATION....... 8. LABORATORIES FOR ORIGINAL RESEARCH. 9. SCHOOLS FOR MILITARY AND NAVAL SERVICE... VI.-NORMAL SCHOOLS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS.. 337 341 347 369-608 369 403 421 427 497 505 532 595 609-614 615-624 VII.-EDUCATION OF GIRLS... 623-646 VIII.-SUPPLEMENTARY, PREVENTIVE, AND REFORMATORY SCHOOLS.. 647-656 JOHN FREDERICK OBERLIN. NATURE AND FIELD OF HIS LIFE WORK. JOHN FREDERICK OBERLIN, whose work as pastor of a poor secluded parish in one of the almost inaccessible cantons among the Vosges in the province of Alsace-called by the French the Ban de la Roche, from the Castle of La Roche around which the Ban or district extends, and by the Germans the Steinthal, or Stony Valley, from the rocky and sterile appearance of its surface-entitles him to the distinction of the MODEL POPULAR EDUCATOR AND SOCIAL REFORMER, was born in Strasbourg on the 31st of August, 1740, at that time the chief town of the province, and after 1792, the capital of the department of the Upper Rhine, to which Waldbach, the immediate residence of Oberlin for sixty-five years, belonged. Both the father, who was a respectable teacher, of German descent, and the mother, who was French, gave much personal attention to the education of their children, and particularly to the formation of their moral and industrial habits. In those directions young Frederick (as he seems to have been called) was early and preeminently distinguished. Various anecdotes are related of his self-denial in parting with all his savings, when a school-boy, in acts of charity. One day, observing that a poor market-woman was in great distress in consequence of two boys having rudely overturned her basket of eggs, he ran home for his small box of savings, and poured the whole contents into her lap. On another occasion, observing that a poor old woman was unable, for want of two sous, to buy an article of dress which she seemed desirous of possessing, he privately slipped two sous into the hand of the dealer, who forthwith made the woman happy in her purchase. Neither on this nor on any similar occasion did he stop to receive any tokens of gratitude. The delight he experienced in doing good, and what was pleasing in the sight of God, was the only reward at which he aimed. Besides this benevolence and piety of disposition, he entertained a horror of injustice, and possessed the courage to defend and succor the oppressed, at the risk of injury to his own person. For these and other excellent qualities, young Oberlin was greatly indebted to the considerate training of his parents; but particularly to the admonitions and guidance of his mother, a woman whose sole happiness lay in forming the minds and habits of her children. Lively in temperament, and reared amidst a military people, Oberlin inclined at first to the profession of a soldier; but from this he was dissuaded by his father, and willingly addicted himself to a course of study suitable for a more peaceful pursuit. French, his vernacular tongue, he learned to write with great force and elegance; and besides the German language, he acquired a proficiency in Latin and Greek, with a competent knowledge of general science, and various other accomplishments. Partly from the wishes of his parents, who were of the Reformed or Lutheran Church, and partly from his own inclinations, he resolved on devoting himself to the duties of a clergyman. For this purpose he attended a course of theological study at the university of Strasbourg, and in 1760 was ordained to the sacred ministry. Being still young, and possessing little experience of the world, Oberlin did not feel warranted in immediately assuming the pastoral office; for the space of seven years he devoted himself to private teaching, and for some time acted as tutor in the family of a distinguished surgeon, where he obtained that knowledge of medicine and surgery which proved so valuable to him in after life. While thus occupied he was offered the chaplainship of a regiment, and this he was about to accept, as likely to place him in a sphere of considerable usefulness, when a new field of operation was laid before him by his friend M. Stouber, who was curé, or pastor, in Waldbach, the principal village in the Ban de la Roche. The village was placed on the acclivity of the Haut Champ, an isolated group of mountains, rising 3,600 feet above the level of the sea, and separated by a deep longitudinal valley from the eastern side of the chain of Vosges. The whole canton contained between 8,000 and 9,000 acres, of which nearly one-half was covered with wood, 2,000 was occupied as pasture, and only 1,600 was under cultivation, producing rye, oats, and potatoes, which were consumed on the premises. The inhabitants were poor and ignorant, and without ambition to better their condition, at the time (1750) M. Stouber labored with them as the pastor of the Lutheran congregation. His first inquiry was for the school. He was shown a miserable hut, crowded with children, without books, and apparently having no instructor. |