sponsibility-working with the teachers in handling children in the classroom, helping children modify their attitudes, and advising parents on ways of guiding their children. GROUP INTERPRETATION Since the modern school is generally Since the modern school is generally a complex organization and functions in a complex community, the school social worker through work with individual children uncovers many general problems that can best be handled by group interpretation. Through work with individual children, situations are often found which may lead to cooperative consideration and planning by the school staff as a whole as well as by outside agencies which also service school children. Such cooperative efforts facilitate the use of all community resources for the welfare of the children concerned. Qualifications of the Worker Functions of the school social worker require specialized training. The worker must understand the behavior and personality development of children; the significance of children's social, personality, academic, and health adjustment; the meaning to children of their educational experiences; the organization of the community and the use of community agencies; in addition to a first-hand knowledge of school and classroom situations and problems. He must be skilled in quick diagnostic thinking so as to evaluate the seriousness of children's problems, must be experienced in the case work process by which individuals are helped to make a better adjustment, must be competent to help modify children's and parents' undesirable attitudes, and must be able to assist teachers in various ways. The Council of Social Workers in the New York City schools recommends the following minimum qualifications for appointment as a school social worker in the New York City system: 1. Preparation in the Social Work Field.-A baccalaureate degree (or equivalent) and graduation from a 2-year course at a school of social work which is accredited by the American Association of Schools of Social Work. 2. Experience.-Two years of supervised social case work in an approved social case work agency, and either 1 year in a clinic for the study and treatment of personality and behavior dis Expenditures Per Pupil Per orders of children or 1 year in an agency in City Schools where work has been directly under the supervision of a person eligible for membership in the American Association of Psychiatric Social Workers. Schools of education and schools of social work are fortunately becoming more aware that while the basic philosophy of modern education and school social work are identical, each professional group, nevertheless, has a unique contribution for fulfillment of which specialized training is desirable. Teacher training and teaching experience are not adequate substitutes for training and experience in school social work. Prevailing training facilities for each profession has lacked orientation. in the other field. School social workers can be an important adjunct to an educational program if they are adequately qualified personally and professionally for their work. Home Economists (From page 23) Quart measure, 1. Food chopper or wooden chopping bowl and knife, 1. Mixing bowls, 2 or 3. Can opener, 1. Hot pads, 3 or 4. Garbage can with cover, 1. Pitcher, 1 (2 or 3 quart size). Tray, 1 or 2 (for carrying foods). To be brought by each pupil : 1 bowl. 1 plate. 1 cup or glass. 1 teaspoon. 1 fork. A publication, Portable Kitchen for Rural Schools, which is suggestive for the small school, is available from Extension Agricultural Engineering Department, State College Station, Fargo, N. Dak. Send only for single copies as supply is limited. BELOW ELOW is presented the third in a series of tables giving per pupil er penditure data for certain city school systems in advance of the annual circu lar entitled "Expenditures Per Pupil in City Schools," prepared by Mary Ella W. Banfield of the Research and Statis tical Service. The first two tables ap peared as follows: data for 45 cities of group I, populations of 100,000 or mori, Education for Victory, June 4, 1945; and data for 68 cities of group II, popu lations 30,000 to 99,999, inclusive, SCHOOL LIFE, December 1945. The accompanying table shows per pupil expenditures for 80 city school systems, 10.8 percent of all systems in cities with populations of 10,000 to 29,999, inclusive, population group III. Data are for the 6 major current expense accounts of full-time day schools below the college level and were secured from the regular biennial form used by the Office to collect city school statistics in the even-numbered years. All But Two Show Increase Of the 73 cities that reported comparable data for 1940-41 and 1943–44. all but two show an increase for the +year period in the total yearly current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance. The percent of increase ranges from 6.6 to 62.6 for the individual cities, with a percent of increase of 21.8 for the arithmetic mean (average) of the group. The prime factor influencing the highest percent of increase (62.6) was the decrease of 12.6 percent in the average daily attendance for that city during the 4-year period. However, this decrease was spread throughout the system to such an extent that only 4 teachers could be eliminated from the pay roll. During the same period in this city school system, the average salary of teachers increased 51.2 percent, from $1,239 to $1,873. Total yearly current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance, expenditure per pupil for the six major current expense accounts, and percent each account is of total current expense in city school systems, 1943-44 U.S. GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCES Orders for the publications listed on this page should be addressed as follows: Requests for cost publications should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., enclosing remittance (check or money order) at the time of ordering. Free publications should be ordered directly from the agency issuing them. New U. S. Office of Education Publications Postwar Education of Negroes. By Ambrose Caliver. 71 p., illus. Free copies may be secured by writing to the U. S. Office of Education, Washington 25, D. C. Report of a conference sponsored by the U. S. Office of Education setting forth the educational implications of Army data and experience of Negro veterans and war workers. Printed at no expense to the Government, through a grant by the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Radio Bibliography Educational Radio Script and Transcription Exchange. Prepared by Gertrude G. Broderick and Ruth M. Howland. Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945. 18 p. 10 cents. Contents: General; Careers in radio; Broadcasting technique and script writing; Education; Radio sources; Technical aspects of radio; Television; Educational recordings and equipment; Frequency modulation; Periodicals; Sources of general information on education by radio. What Every Teacher Should Know About the Physical Condition of Her Pupils. By James Frederick Rogers, M. D. Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945. 19 p. illus. (Pamphlet No. 68, Revised.) 10 cents. Intended primarily as a help for the teacher untutored in the art of protecting and promoting the physical welfare of the children in her charge. Includes suggestions for those whose business it should be to prepare teachers and would-be teachers along these lines. 32 New Publications of Other. Agencies Federal Security Agency. Office of Community War Services. Social Protection Division. Recommendations on Standards for Detention of Juveniles and Adults. Compiled by the National Advisory Police Committee on Social Protection, Federal Security Agency. Washington, Federal Security Agency, 1945. Single copies free as long as supply lasts from Social Protection Division, Federal Security Agency, Washington 25, D. C. A manual for the guidance of communities and their responsible officials in providing adequate and humane facilities for adults and juveniles held in temporary detention. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Conserving Soil and Moisture in Orchards and Vineyards. Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 1970.) 30 p. 10 cents. Outlines practices by which fruit growers can prolong the productivity of their orchards and vineyards. Kansas Farm Credit Administration. Mooreland ... Where Town and Country Cooperate. By E. B. Reid. (In "News for Farmer Cooperatives," November 1945, p. 4-5, 17-18.) City, Mo., Farm Credit Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 10 cents a copy; annual subscription, $1. An account of satisfactory relationships worked out between a town of 900 population and the surrounding farmers. U. S. Department of Labor. Children's Bureau. Your Child from One to Six. Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945. (Children's Buréau Publication 30, Revised, 1945.) 147 p. 15 cents. "Present text attempts to show how emotional maturity in parents themselves can bring about the security and affectionate understanding that must underlie sound and creative family relationships." Women's Bureau. Outlook for Women in Occupations in the Medical and Other Health Services: Dental Hygienists. Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945. 17 p. 10 cents. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1946 Discusses the prewar situations, the w time changes, and the postwar outlook women in one of the occupations in the of medical and other health services, in wh women in 1940 composed about two-thirds the workers. U. S. Department of State. The A in Defeat: A Collection of Docume on American Policy Towards Germ and Japan. Washington, U. S. Gove ment Printing Office, 1945. (Depa ment of State Publication 2423.) 1 p. 30 cents. Contains documents relating to the generi policies as outlined in the Atlantic Charter the Cairo, Tehran, and other conferences; the acts of military surrender; and the declar tions, statements, and directives regarding th occupation of Germany and Japan. Trial of War Criminals. Wasington, U. S. Government Printing Of fice, 1945. (Department of State P lication 2420.) 89 p. 20 cents. Contains the report of Robert H. Jacks to the President, the agreement establishes an international military tribunal, and indictment. U. S. Library of Congress. Hispan Foundation. Bibliografias Cub By Fermin Peraza y Sarausa. Wash ington, U. S. Government Printing Of fice, 1945. (Latin American Series X 7.) 58 p. 20 cents. A guide to the bibliographies on Cuba. U. S. National Housing Agens Housing Goals: Finding the Facts Measuring the Needs in American Cit Washington, National Housing Agel 1945. Processed. 33 p. Single cop free from National Housing Agency, long as supply lasts. Booklet presents some of the practical p lems in the housing situation; outlines approaches and methods that may be use uncover housing facts; and describes the for local action. Office of the Administrate Land Assembly for Urban Re-Deve ment. Washington, National Hous Agency, 1945. (National Housing Ba letin 3.) 31 p. Processed. Single ies free as long as supply lasts. Considers the problem of finding pract means of making available for building types of urban districts: (1) The deterior or blighted sections which are found near centers of most urban communities, and the defunct subdivisions inherited from past. SCHOOL LIFE, February SCHOOL LIFE Volume 28, No. 6 ✩ Official Journal of the U. S. Office of Education March 1946 Citizens' Federal Committee on Layman's Point of View Respecting Education To Be Represented It "For several years the Office of Education has been assisted in its work by certain advisory committees representing special aspects of education. seems advisable now to establish a committee of citizens to represent the layman's point of view with respect to American education and particularly in relation to the services which the Office of Education should render. We have decided, therefore, to establish what will be known as the Citizens' Federal Committee on Education, an outline of which is enclosed. I feel sure that you will fully appreciate the value of the contributions which such a committee can make to the progressive development of the service of the U. S. Office of Education and generally to education throughout the country. You will also recognize the very great importance of having outstandingly capable people as members of such a committee. . Widely Representative Membership The Citizens' Federal Committee is being organized to represent "the people throughout the country who establish and support schools and colleges," states Commissioner Studebaker. In general the committee's membership is to be representative of labor, business, agriculture, manufacturing, homemakers, professions, veterans' groups, religious groups (one representative each of Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish groups), and Negro groups. Membership has been designated by the presidents of the respective organizations or by others in the organizations authorized to make such designations. The term of each member is 3 years, and one-third of the membership is to be appointed each year. Personnel of the Committee The following list represents the personnel of the Citizens' Federal Committee on Education to date: Agriculture A. S. Goss, master, National Grange; Edward A. O'Neal, president, American Farm Bureau Federation; SCHOOL LIFE Published monthly except August and September Federal Security Administrator WATSON B. MILLER U. S. Commissioner of Education The Congress of the United States established the Office of Education in 1867 to "collect such statistics and facts as shall show the condition and progress of education in the several States and Territories;" to "diffuse such information as shall aid in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems;" and to "otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country." SCHOOL LIFE serves toward carrying out these purposes. Its printing is approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget. How to Subscribe Subscription orders, with remittance, should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Subscription price $1 per year; to foreign countries in which the mailing frank of the United States is not recognized, $1.50. For orders of 100 copies or more to be sent in bulk to one address within the United States, the Superintendent of Documents allows a discount of 25 percent. Subscriptions may also be entered through magazine dealers. Single copies 10 cents. Publication Office U. S. Office of Education, Federal Security Agency, Washington 25, D. C. Editor in Chief-Olga A. Jones. Attention Subscribers If you are a paid-up subscriber to Education for Victory you will receive SCHOOL LIFE until the expiration of your subscription as indicated on the mailing wrapper. During the war, the U. S. Office of Education increased its free mailing lists extensively in order to serve the war effort as widely as possible. It is not possible to continue these extensive free mailing lists for SCHOOL LIFE, but the periodical is available by subscription as indicated above: |