Article V-The Conference A. COMPOSITION Alternative a The Conference shall consist of the representatives of the members of the Organisation. The Government of each member state shall appoint not more than five representatives, who shall be selected in agreement with the National Co-operating Body or Bodies (or National Commission). Alternative b The Conference shall consist of the representatives of the members of the Organisation. The Government of each member state shall designate not more than five delegates. Three out of a fivemember delegation shall be selected in agreement with the National Co-operating Body or Bodies (or National Commission). When a state does not appoint the full delegation of five, one delegate only shall be appointed independently by the Government, except that, when there is only one delegate that delegate shall be selected in agreement with the National Co-operating Body or Bodies (or National Commission). Alternative c The Conference shall consist of the representatives of the members of the Organisation. The Government of each member state shall appoint not more than five delegates who shall be selected after consultation with the National Cooperating Body or Bodies (or National Commission). Alternative d The Conference shall consist of the representatives of the members of the Organisation. The Government of each member state shall appoint not more than five delegates who shall be selected after consultation with educational and cultural bodies. Alternative e The Conference shall consist of the representatives of the members of the Organisation. The Government of each member state shall appoint not more. than five delegates who will be selected, if convenient to the government concerned, after consultation with educational and cultural bodies.1 1 The adoption of this alternative would involve the modification of Article VIII in the sense of making this Article entirely optional. B. FUNCTIONS AND POWERS 1. The Conference shall determine the general policies and the programme of the Organisation. 2. The Conference is empowered to make recommendations to the members. The Conference may by a two-thirds majority adopt for submission to the members with a view to their acceptance by the appropriate constitutional procedure, agreements on educational and cultural programmes, designed to accomplish the purposes of the Organisation. 3. The Conference shall advise the United Nations on the Educational and Cultural aspects of matters of concern to the latter in accordance with terms and procedure agreed upon between the appropriate authorities of the two organisations. 4. The Conference shall receive and consider reports submitted periodically by the members on educational and cultural developments within their respective territories and on the effect given to the recommendations of the Organisation. 5. The Conference shall elect the members of the Executive Board. It shall admit new members to the Organisation and elect the Director-General on the recommendation of the Executive Board. 6. The Conference shall approve the budget of the Organisation and the allocation of financial responsibility to the members. 7. Gifts and bequests may be accepted by the Conference and utilised under its direction provided the conditions of the gift or bequest are consistent with the purposes and policies of the Organisation. C. VOTING Each Member State shall have one vote in the Conference. Decisions shall be made by a simple majority of those present and voting, except where other wise specified in this instrument. D. PROCEDURE 1. The Conference shall meet annually in regular session; it may meet in extraordinary session on the call of the Executive Board. The sessions shall be held from time to time within the territories of different members. 2. The Conference shall set up suc committees and other subordinate bodie as may be necessary for the perform ance of its functions. 3. The Conference shall elect its ow officers and adopt its own rules of pro cedure. Article VI-The Executive Board A. COMPOSITION The Executive Board shall consist of 15 persons elected by the Conference from among the delegates. In electing the members of the Executive Board, the Conference shall have regard to the de sirability of including persons wit varied experience in education, in th arts, the humanities and the sciences, bearing in mind geographical distribu tion. Not more than one delegate from any member state shall serve on the Board at any one time. The members of the Board shall serve for a term of three years and shall not be immediately eligible for reelection. At the first election, five persons shall be elected for a 3-year term, five for 2 years, and five for 1 year. Thereafter, five persons shall be elected each year. Members elected to the Executive Board for a partial term shall be eligible for reelection. B. FUNCTIONS AND POWERS 1. The Executive Board shall be responsible within the competence of the Organisation for giving effect to the programme for the Organisation adopted by the Conference. 2. The Executive Board shall supervise the administration of the Organi sation and prepare the agenda for the meetings of the Conference. 3. The Executive Board shall recom, mend to the Conference the admission of new members to the Organisation. 4. It shall be empowered to make appointments to fill vacancies in its membership, which appointments shall terminate at the next meeting of the Conference, when an election shall be held for the unexpired term. 5. The members of the Executive Board shall exercise the powers delegated to them by the Conference on behalf of the whole Conference and not as representatives of their respective governments. shall be 2. The Director-General nominated by the Executive Board and elected by the Conference under such conditions of tenure and compensation as the Conference may approve. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organisation, immediately responsible to the Executive Board, and the staff shall be responsible to him. He, or a deputy designated by him, shall participate, without the right to vote, in all meetings of the Conference, the Board, and all committees of the Organisation. He shall formulate proposals for appropriate action by the Conference and the Board. 3. The Director-General shall appoint the staff of the Secretariat under regulations adopted by the Executive Board which shall provide for the approval by the Board of appointments in the higher administrative grades. Subject to the requirements of efficiency and technical competence, the staff shall be recruited on as wide a geographical basis as possible. 4. In the performance of their duties, the Director-General and the staff shall be responsible only to the Organisation. Their responsibilities shall be exclusively international in character, and they shall not seek or receive instructions in regard to the discharge thereof from any authority external to the Organisation. The members undertake to respect fully the international character of the responsibilities of the Secretariat and not to seek to influence any of their nationals in the discharge of such responsibilities. 5. The Conference shall make provision for the determination by an administrative tribunal of disputes relating to the conditions and terms of appoint ment of members of the staff. Article VIII-Alternative Titles (1) National Commissions. A. COMPOSITION Alternative a Each member of the Organisation shall establish a National Commission on educational and cultural co-operation, broadly representative of the Government and the principal groups devoted to and interested in educational and cultural matters. Delegates to the Conference shall, during their period of service be included in the National Commission. Each member state shall be free to adapt the size and scope of the National Commission to its own special conditions. Alternative b Within each member state, the Government shall appoint or recognise a National Co-operating Body or Bodies, representatives of its principal educational and cultural groups, to be associated with the Government in the activities of the Organisation. Alternative c Each member state shall make such ditions, either by the formation of a arrangements as suit its particular conNational Commission or otherwise, for cational and cultural opinion with the the purpose of associating bodies of eduwork of the Organisation. B. FUNCTIONS AND POWERS 1. National Co-operating Bodies (or National Commissions) shall act in an advisory capacity to the National Delegation to the Conference and to the Government in matters relating to the Organisation. Alternative a Alternative d The National Delegation to the Conference shall be appointed after consultation with bodies of educational and cultural opinion. 3. The National Co-operating Bodies (or National Commissions) shall consider recommendations and reports made by the Educational and Cultural Organisation of the United Nations and take such steps as are suitable and desirable to further the general objectives. of the Organisation. Article IX-Reports by Members 1. Each member shall report periodically to the Organisation, in a manner to be determined by the Conference, on activities and developments related to the functions of the Organisation and on the action taken on the recommendations by the Conference. 2. Each member shall upon publication communicate to the Organisation laws, regulations, official reports and statistics concerning its educational and cultural institutions and organisations. Article X-Juridical Status of the Organisation and Its Personnel 1. The Organisation shall possess international personality and legal capacity. The members of the Organisation shall accord to the Organisation the privileges, immunities, exemptions and facilities which they accord to each other including in particular (a) immunity from every form of legal process; (b) exemption from taxation and customs duties; and (c) inviolability of premises occupied by, and of the archives and communications of, the Organisation. 2. The members of the Organisation immunities to persons appointed by shall accord diplomatic privileges and other members as their representatives in or to the Organisation, and to the higher officials of the Organisation not being their own nationals. They shall accord to all officials and employees of the Organisation (a) immunity from suit and legal process relating to acts performed by them in their official capacity; (b) exemption from taxation of their official salaries and emoluments; and, in general (c) such privileges, exemptions and facilities as they accord under similar circumstances to officials and employees of foreign governments. Article XI-Amendments 1. Proposals for amendments to this instrument shall require the approval of the Conference by a two-thirds majority, and amendments shall take effect on ratification by two-thirds of the member states. The draft texts of proposed amendments shall be communicated by the Director-General to the members at least 6 months in advance of their consideration by the Conference. 2. The Conference shall have power to adopt by a two-thirds majority rules. prescribing the times within which proposed amendments must be accepted in order to become effective and other rules of procedure to carry out the provisions of this Article. Article XII-Interpretation 1. The English and French texts of the Constitution shall be regarded as authoritative. 2. Any question or dispute concerning the interpretation of this instrument shall be referred for determination to the international court of justice or to an arbitral tribunal as the Conference may determine. Article XIII-Relations with the United Nations 1. The Organisation shall be brought in relationship with the United Nations, this relationship to be defined by an agreement approved by the appropriate organs of both bodies. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article XI, such agreement may, if approved by the Conference by a twothirds majority, involve modification of the provisions of this Constitution, provided that no such agreement shall modify the purposes and limitations of the Organisation. Article XIV-Relations with Other Specialised International Organisations 1. The Organisation may co-operate with other specialised international organisations, both public and private, whose interests and activities are related to and in harmony with its purposes. 2. The Executive Board, with the approval of the Conference, may enter into agreements with the competent authorities of such organisations defining the distribution of responsibilities and methods of co-operating, and maintain such joint committees with them as may be necessary to assure effective co-operation. 3. Whenever the Conference of this Organisation and the competent authorities of any other organisation whose purposes are similar deem it desirable to effect transfer of the resources and functions of the latter to this Organisation, the Executive Board, subject to the approval of the Conference, may enter into mutually acceptable arrangements for this purpose. Article XV-Establishment of the Organisation This instrument shall come into force when 20 of the Governments of the United Nations shall have filed with the Interim Educational and Cultural Commission of the United Nations (to be set up in accordance with the Transitory Provisions) official notice of their acceptance of it and adherence to the Organisation. Thereupon the Chairman of the Interim Commission shall cause to be convened the first meeting of the Conference of the Organisation, which shall proceed with the election of the Executive Board and the DirectorGeneral and shall make whatever other arrangements which may be necessary to put the Organisation into operation. Transitory Provisions 1. Pending the approval of the Constitution by twenty nations and the calling of the first meeting of the Conference, the persons designated in Annex 1 of this Constitution shall serve as members of the Interim Educational and Cultural Commission of the United Nations. This commission shall call the first meeting of the Conference and prepare the Agenda and preliminary analyses required for effective action by the Conference. This Interim Commission shall be assisted by an international Secretariat and financed by the participating Governments in a manner to be determined at the Constituent Conference. 2. The following exceptional arrangements shall apply in respect of the financial year in which this Constitution comes into force: the budget shall be the provisional budget set forth in Annex 2 of this Constitution, and the amount. be in the proportion set forth in Annex to be contributed by member states shall 3 of this Constitution. NOTE.-Annexes 1, 2 and 3 will be drawn up at the Constituent Conference. Mr. Crabtree was born on a farm in Scioto County, Ohio, in 1864, and ther began his schooling. During the sev enties he moved with his family to the sod-house frontier of western Nebraska After teaching 6 years in in rura schools, he was called to Ashland wher he served 6 years as superintendent: then to the University of Nebraska where he taught mathematics for a year; and to the principalship of the Beatrice High School for a year. was called back to the university to serve as inspector of high schools, at a time when secondary schools were rapidly expanding throughout the State. He next accepted the presidency of the Peru Normal, then the only State school in Nebraska for preparing teachers To this institution, between 1904 and 1910, he brought outstanding teacher and students from Nebraska and nearby States. He When Mr. Crabtree was called to the National Education Association as secretary in 1917, there were but 8,000 active members. When he retired in 1935, the association had grown to be the largest professional organization in the world, with a program of outstand-! ing service and leadership. Canadian Government Film tion" film subject, produced by the National Film Board of Canada, analyzes the peace proposals discussed at Now the Peace, latest "World in Ac San Francisco and formulated at Dumbarton Oaks and explains the meaning and possibilities of the military, social. and economic propositions that were considered at the conference in the light of their practical significance for all people, Lilias Savage, distribution liaison officer of the Board, states. Information about Now the Peace and other Canadian Government Films may be secured from the Board, Canadian Embassy Annex, 1771 N Street NW., Washington 6, D. C. FOL That Civilization May Survive OLLOWING is an address made by the Honorable Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the House of Representatives, at the University of Maryland's Commencement, in June. The newspapers recently carried an interesting and dramatic story concerning one of our faithful and beloved public-school teachers. This story told how the President of the United States, after appointing a high-school classmate to an important Government position, telephoned the gracious lady who had taught both him and his appointee in high school and announced the appoint- ment. I can appreciate the pride that teacher took in the success of the men whom, as boys, she had taught. All over this land, high-school graduates with varying degrees of success in their careers are paying tribute to their public schools and to those splendid teachers who labor so faithfully and effectively for the good of their pupils and, through them, for the good of their country. And, conversely, all over the country our public schools, large and small, rural and urban, are justly paying tribute to the achievements of their former pupils who have faced life fearlessly and successfully. Our public schools are proud of what they have thus accomplished for the betterment of this country. A great man of my State once said "Education is the guardian genius of Democracy." We cannot pay too great a tribute to our schools. Under a form of government which recognizes the worth and integrity of the individual, regardless of who he may be or where he may live, it is essential that there be comprehensive education that will give to every person that kind of training which will make him understand and appreciate what democracy means and make him desirous of accepting his responsibilities as a citizen. Only in democratic countries does every individual have the right of participating in the processes of government, and it is, therefore, necessary that adequate educational opportunities be given to all in order that all SCHOOL LIFE, October 1945 may be prepared to make intelligently those decisions our citizens must make. One can be free in his actions only if he is enlightened, and our country can be free in its actions only if all its citizens have the blessings of education. The stability of our democracy depends upon individual enlightenment and intelligent understanding and action. A Literate People May I discuss with you briefly the place and responsibility of the public school in our nation. First of all, we must have a literate people. Every citizen, because of his right of franchise, must know "what is going on"; must understand and appreciate the various factors involved in problems of a local or national nature; must be aware of and be able to evaluate proposed solutions of complex problems. Literacy does not mean simply the ability to read and write, or achievement on the fourth-grade level, which is the present Army standard of literacy. It means training of the individual to a far greater extent than was necessary in the "horse and buggy" days. It means training of the individual to the limit of his capacity to learn and of the ability of the State to pay, consistent with the common good. It means that in no State can there be an appreciable number of citizens who live in ignorance, superstition, and fear, for that is dangerous to any form of government which rests upon the consent of the governed. Adequate literacy in a nation can be achieved only if the educational institutions are well prepared and equipped. A Healthy Nation In the second place, we must have a healthy nation. Education teaches us not only how to improve living in its various aspects; it first makes us aware of the improvements that should be made. Education does not necessarily bring happiness; frequently it brings dissatisfaction because of an awareness of bad conditions. But progress is dependent upon intelligent dissatisfaction with existing conditions. We know and two terrible wars have brought it to our attention--the tragedy of discovering millions of young men and women unprepared for the arduous tasks of war. We do not wish to have a people healthy merely for purposes of war, which may eventuate, but we desire a healthy people in order that they may take full advantage of the opportunities in everyday life. We must have a virile as well as an educated people. The fact that millions of our youth were rejected by Selective Service for physical and educational reasons should be as much a matter of concern to us in peacetime as in war. This weakness in peacetime as in war. our physical condition is a tragedy of waste, as it is, for the most part, preventable. It is not necessary for me to discuss in detail the economic and social loss thus entailed. Efficiency in Vocations The third responsibility of our schools is to develop efficiency in vocations. For the most part youth leaving our schools before or after high-school graduation go into some practical occupation. To have a happy, healthy, and successful nation, we must have individuals who are vocationally efficient and happy, men and women who take pride in their work and in what they are doing. We do not want our youth and our citizens to engage in work which for one reason or another is distasteful to them in every respect-distasteful for the simple reason that they lack the skill of being successful in it. I do not mean at all that any occupation per se should bring unhappiness to anyone; I am merely attempting to say that an unhappy state of mind is likely to result, unless a person has chosen his vocation of his own free will and accord and unless he has had that type of training which guarantees him a reasonable amount of success, in personal satisfaction at least, even if recognition and financial remuneration may not be great. If we have citizens who are unhappy, dissatisfied, disgruntled with the ways. in which they make a living, it follows naturally that we are likely to have a nation of citizens disgruntled about 9 many things and disposed to blame government for their unhappiness. Therefore, not only for the sake of individual security and the good life, but also for the sake of preserving our form of government, we must see to it that every individual has the opportunity to make himself economically efficient. The schools have before them an enormous obligation and task in this respect! Attitude of Civicmindedness The fourth responsibility of the schools is to see to it that there is developed in every individual an attitude of civicmindedness. The essence of our real democracy lies very largely in our small communities, and in the way in which we settle our affairs with our neighbors and friends locally. It is so much easier to solve our problems if we possess the inclination to help our neighbor. There are so many advantages that all of us could possess as individuals, if we were willing to provide for them cooperatively; and life for all would become happier and more satisfying if these opportunities were provided. It seems to me, therefore, most essential in a democracy that there be a sincere desire on the part of all citizens for the common good. Love of Country Another responsibility of our schools is to develop in our youth a love of country and of the democratic way of life. The principles of liberty, freedom, and justice for which our forefathers fought and died are precious and should be preserved. There is danger that unless we have the proper understanding and appreciation of what those principles mean, and of the cost at which they were secured, we may fail to nourish Not in and cherish them as we should. Our Place in International Affairs We have another responsibility that is pretty urgent at this time, which is a knowledge and appreciation of our place in international affairs. There was a time when the ocean to the East and the one to the West were our greatest friends and our greatest protection. That time has passed. With swift transportation and new agencies of destruction these oceans may have caused a great hazard. We must realize that We must realize that we are a part of the great world in which we live. Our men and women in our armed forces have done their part in the world's great business of war. We, as a nation, as the greatest natio: Preparing Youth for QUARTER of a million more pu A attending year pils attending high school this (1) Keeping in school teen-age boys (2) Bringing back those who dropped out before graduating. Largely as a result of last year's drive, the 1944-45 student enrollment maintained approximately the level of the previous year. High-school enrollment at the close of the year, nevertheless, was more than a million below the 1940-41 all-time peak. Many of the 1,500,000 youths of high school age who left school without graduating and entered full-time employuating and entered full-time employment are being laid off as cut-backs come. These are a significant pool of potential students. Another pool is this summer's extra 2,000,000 vacation workers who have not completed their courses and should give up their new jobs to continue in school. Forty percent of youth who entered ninth grade at the peak of high-school enrollment did not complete the twelfth year. Pupils still in school but thinking of dropping out in the hope of getting a job constitute a third pool from which to draw for this quarter million. The temptation of youth in the fall to hold on to jobs and give up school is often great and it requires the combined and continuous efforts of educators, emp ployers, labor leaders, and parents to convince these youth of the importance of completing their education. When it is necessary for students to work, Government agencies favor a conbination of school-and-part-time work over full-time employment. Limits to part-time jobs have been agreed upon by the War Manpower Commission, Office: of Education, and the Children's Bu reau as follows: 1. Hours should not be too long.A combined school-and-work program should ordinarily not be over 8 hours a day, and under some circumstances less For 16- and 17-year-olds daily hours of employment should not exceed 4 on a school day and 8 when school is not in session. Weekly hours of work should i be held to not more than 28 when school is in session. Younger students should have shorter hours in order to safeguard their health and educational progress. 2. Occupations should be safe. 3. Young workers should get employ ment certificates.-Certificates prove age, protect the young worker from illegal employment, and provide the means whereby an employer can protect himself from unintentional violations of the child-labor laws. In most States, |