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by the German intention to enable the mothers to work in German war factories.

There are no exact data about the number of infant schools and créches in the "Protectorate." There are also almost no reports about organizational changes. It is only from the numerous reports of the opening of new créches in various towns and villages that we can deduce the increase in the number of these institutions.

There are certain reports that voluntary workers from among German girls who are liable for auxiliary war services are being used as nurses and teachers in Czech créches. This proves that even in these schools for the youngest children education is streamlined according to the wishes of the "Protectors." These girls send reports on their work and their observations on the Czech milieu in which they live, directly to the office of the "Reich Protector." According to the report which appeared in the "Lidove Noviny" (Czechoslovak daily published in Brno) of March 20, 1942, Heydrich (who held the post of "Protector" of Bohemia and Moravia until his assassination May 27, 1942) received a group of these girls in a solemn audience to hear their reports and to thank them for their work.

In the same way, Czech girls, members of the "National Unity Youth" (a collaborationist organization) are used for control in infant schools and créches. It seems that the need for these auxiliary workers is caused by the lack of properly trained personnel. Their employment in this manner also follows the new lines of girls' education towards family and motherhood. Primary Schools

The impact of the occupation upon the Czech schools was first shown in the primary schools by the gradual introduction of the German language. German was at first taught as an optional subject from the third year onwards and only where at least 12 pupils asked for it. During the school year of 1940-41, a Government decree (No. 394, dated Sept. 20, 1940) introduced German as a compulsory subject beginning with the first year of primary school. The same decree abolished the teaching of civics in primary schools.

Instruction in German in Czech schools is controlled by special German school inspectors. They are also responsible for organizing German courses for teachers in Czech primary schools. In 1942 there were some 300 such courses.

German aims are also served by compulsory physical education which was introduced in all schools by Government Decree

(No. 341, dated Sept. 15, 1940). Control of physical training is in the hands of special inspectors of schools. They must see to it that teachers of physical training are selected from among specially "trustworthy" persons. These teachers are representatives of the political regime among the teaching personnel and are at the same time political exponents and organizers of activities of the "Curatorium" for Education of Youth (the chief Quisling organization in the "Protectorate"). Selected individuals are sent to attend special courses in Germany and then act as instructors in the holiday courses of physical education organized by pedagogical institutes. German inspectors appointed by the Czech Ministry of Education are, however, confidants of the office of the "Reichs Protector."

From the beginning of the school year 1941-42, further steps have been taken to adapt the Czech educational system to that of the German Reich. The Government Decree No. 300, dated August 14, 1941, concerning the new organization of Czech primary schools and high schools stipulated that "Czech primary schools will be organized so as to allow the fulfillment of compulsory schooling in its entirety." On the basis of this Government Decree, 8-year primary schools (instead of former 5-year primary schools) were created, and high schools thus became schools for selected pupils. The result was that instead of former high schools there remained only primary schools in the majority of localities.

In these new primary schools German is taught throughout. In the first and second year 4 hours weekly are devoted to instruction in German; in the third, fourth, and fifth year, 7 hours weekly; in the sixth, seventh, and eighth year, 6 hours weekly. The necessary periods are available through reducing the time given formerly to religion, Czech, and history. In the first 2 years the teaching of German is carried out by methods suitable to that stage of the child's development; there is no reading and no writing.

On February 24, 1942, a report concerning the arrangements aiming at better results in instruction of German was published in the Lidove Noviny. According to this report, the number of pupils in a class for the purposes of teaching German is reduced to a maximum of 36.

The increase in school hours caused by the division of large classes into smaller ones for instruction in German showed also the necessity for new teachers. Consequently, the Czech Ministry of Education canceled the ban on appointment of new teachers

and issued directives for their nomination. Those temporary teachers who are capable of teaching German will become assistant teachers. In this same category will be admitted teachers who were dismissed from their posts without fault of their own. New teachers may not be appointed unless they have a secondaryschool-leaving certificate (certificate of maturity) and unless they have passed an examination in German with good results. In each case priority is given to married teachers with children. If necessary, teachers who have reached the retiring age may remain in employment provided that they have passed an examination in German. Retired teachers may be reappointed

under the same conditions.

It was promised in the Czech press, in June 1942, that as a result of these changes, out of some 7,000 unemployed teachers, about 4,000 would be placed during the school year of 1942-43.

Colonel Moravec, Minister of Education, and chief Quisling, announced on May 25, 1943, that the reform of primary schools and high schools provided work for 7,000 teachers who until then had no chance of getting a post. According to Moravec's speech, there were in the "Protectorate" at the beginning of the school year 1943-44, altogether 5,500 primary Czech schools, with 15,500 classes and 18,300 teachers. It is difficult to judge from these figures whether the number of primary schools has increased or decreased in relation to the number of children of school age.

In 1937, there were in Czechoslovakia, 10,422 Czech primary schools, but these were at most 5-year schools. There were then 1,228,064 Czech and Slovak children in primary schools. Today, however, there are no data about the number of children in primary schools in Bohemia and Moravia. Moreover, the figure for Czech primary schools in Czechoslovakia in 1937 included Czech schools in Sudetenland, occupied by Germany in September 1938, as well as Slovak schools in Slovakia. Further, it must be borne in mind that the present 8-year primary schools replace in many cases Czech high schools of which there were 1,482 in the entire Czechoslovak Republic in 1937. The above-mentioned decree reducing the size of classes for teaching German to 36 probably required the creation of more classes. It seems that in some places the decree caused the establishment of new schools.

It is perhaps true to say that, so far, the Germans have not closed Czech schools in purely Czech districts, but they have done so in all places where there is a German minority, even if this minority is artifically created by new German colonization. In

this case Czech schools are being closed in order to force Czech parents to send their children to German schools created for the German minority.

High Schools (Central Schools)

The Government Decree No. 300, dated August 14, 1941, stipulates "Czech high school is a school for selected pupils. It is a 4-year school and follows upon the fourth year of the primary school." A later decree altered the name from "High School" to "Chief School" (or Central School) in order to correspond to the same type of school in the German Reich, the "Hauptschule.”

The Central School is attended by children who have passed the fourth year of primary school with good results, especially in German language, and who are recommended by the director of the primary school. Parents who wish to send their children to the Central School must submit an application before May 15, accompanied by a birth certificate and a proof of Aryan descent. The school administration must rigidly observe the principle that no more than 35 percent of the children terminating their fourth year of primary school may be admitted to the Central School. Among the conditions for admission is physical fitness and oral and written examination in German and in arithmetic. No Jews are admitted to the Central School.

In 1942, special 1-year courses, called class IV A, were created in the Central Schools. These are intended for children who have completed 8 years of primary school. They receive in these courses special instruction for entry into technical schools. So far about 66 percent of the Central Schools have these courses: 513 in Bohemia and 278 in Moravia. In 1942 there were in these courses in the "Protectorate," 28,238 pupils (including 11,257 girls). Conditions of entry are: Good results in the primary school and a recommendation from the director of the primary school.

In 1937, there were in Czechoslovakia, 1,482 high schools (above fifth grade under old regime before occupation, and not equivalent to the Central Schools) with Czech or Slovak language of instruction. According to the pronouncement of Colonel Moravec, "there were, in 1942, in the 'Protectorate,' 1,213 high schools, but in 1943 only 1,080 central schools with 7,200 classes and 12,900 teachers." It is clear, therefore, that the number of post-primary central schools is gradually being reduced, chiefly because completion of the compulsory school attendance period is made fully possible in 8-year primary schools.

There are no detailed reports about the curriculum of the Central Schools in the "Protectorate." However, it is possible to judge from newspaper articles and occasional broadcasts, that the German language forms the core of instruction, as well as history of the German Reich, German geography, Nazi ideology, and Nazi conception of state. Mathematics and physics also receive special attention.

The Central School prepares pupils for entry into technical schools and for practical life. Central School education is now required for all the trades and employers refuse pupils with primary education only and require school-leaving certificate from a Central School or from special courses (IV A) mentioned above. The Czech population in Bohemia and Moravia regard these reforms with suspicion and disfavor, for they see in it a German attempt at reducing them all to the level of the proletariat. This, indeed, is the German aim.

Secondary Schools

Secondary schools are, since the German occupation, schools for selected pupils, just like the new Central Schools. Already since 1941, a violent campaign against secondary schools has been carried on in the Czech press based on the assumption that Czechoslovakia had too many young men with secondary school education and not enough places for them. Consequently the "Government of the Protectorate" introduced far-reaching "reforms" reducing the great variety of secondary schools of the Czechoslovak Republic to three types: "Real Schools" (instruction chiefly in sciences and modern languages); "Real Gymnasia" (instruction in sciences, one modern language, and Latin); "Classical Gymnasia" (instruction in sciences, Latin, and Greek).

The proclaimed principle ruling the reforms of secondary education was: "Everybody to such place for which he is fitted by his aptitude." The aim was to reduce the number of applicants for clerical jobs and increase those who intend to enter trades and industry. This tendency was further manifested by the establishment of a number of new technical schools.

There are no data available by which to judge the damage done to Czechoslovak secondary schools by German occupation. The administration carefully refrains from publishing any figures. The only facts known are that all secondary schools for girls established by religious orders have been closed, and that no additional classes may be opened in existing secondary schools in large towns.

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