os Industriales (p. 118). Technical education, of course, receives the najor emphasis throughout all the various schools, but Spanish history and geography, foreign languages, civic education, political economy, biology, and hygiene are included in the curriculum so that the graduate nay possess the cultural background necessary for knowing himself and is responsibilities in the social and technical environment in which he will live.

Schools and enrollments.2-Enrollments in the various schools in 1944, totaling 418 students, were: School of Arts and Trades, first year-70; second year-42; third year (work in industry)-29; Elementary Technical School, 40; Preparatory School, 53; Superior School, 45; Technical Institute, 19; College of Engineering, 40; and in Night Courses, 80.

Equipment. The University has the latest modern (prewar) electrical, chemical, and mechanical equipment in all its shops and laboratories, and new elements are added as the need arises.

Library. To start, the 1944 school year there were 17,311 volumes in the library and 1,166 bound copies of technical reviews. Readers numbered 12,797 for the year of 1943. A striking seven-story Administration and Library building is under construction, the library capacity to be 200,000 volumes.

Publications. In addition to the annual Memoria of the president, in which are reported the events of the year and statistical status of the institution at the year's end, the University published a bimonthly review, Scientia. Since its first appearance in 1934, this publication has presented original investigations and addresses of the staff and important articles on scientific and technical topics in general.

Tuition, scholarships, student-teacher relationships.-In general, tuition is gratuitous, and more than 70 percent of the student body receive at least their meals (medio pupilaje) free of charge. There are 100 full scholarships which include tuition, board, room, clothing, and laundry. Practically all receive economic aid of some kind, as well as full medical and dental care. Teachers and students come very close together in this school, and relationships are highly satisfactory. The traditional practice of having inspectors to watch over matters of discipline does not hold at Santa María, where the students themselves are made responsible for order and friendliness. Conscious of their privileges, the students maintain an attitude of industriousness and decorum that has been mistakenly interpreted by some visitors to represent fear and submission. Conversation with the students themselves leaves no doubt in the careful observer's mind.

Catholic University of Valparaiso

Catholic University of Valparaiso (Universidad Católica de Valparaíso). This school was opened in 1928 to furnish technical and commercial education for young persons, chiefly Catholic, of the region around Valparaiso. Although it bears the name of university and has been authorized by the Government to offer university-level courses, this institution is little more than a preparatory school. It has a Faculty of Applied Sciences and Mathematics with a School of Architecture and one of Chemical Engineering, and a Faculty of Business Administration and Economics. Plans call for a development of these and other educational offerings to full university level, but at present no complete degree courses of study are provided.

Decimaquinta Memoria. Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María. Imprenta Universo, Valparaíso, Chile, 1944. p. 34.

This institution offers evening classes for adults in bookkeeping, ste ography, typewriting, and a few technical subjects.

School of Industrial Engineering

School of Industrial Engineering (Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales).This school located in Santiago was created by a decree of 1940, to provi technical education at university level for graduates of the various indutrial schools under the direction of the Department of Industrial an Mining Education in the National Ministry.

For admission, candidates are required to hold the certificate of gradeation from the second cycle or level (grado técnico) of an industrial scho or a school of mines. A registration fee of 100 pesos is charged, as well as: 200-peso bond against breakage or injury to school property. Exception and needy students, not exceeding 20 percent of the student body, may be exempted from payment of the registration fee. Enrollment in the fir year may be limited to a total of 50 students and to 10 students in a give specialty or major field. Free students (those not working toward a degree or title) may be admitted at the discretion of the director.

The school year extends from the third Monday in March to the last Saturday in November. Holidays and vacations are those established by the Ministry of Public Education. The school day is from 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and from 2:30 to 8:30 p.m. When circumstances warrant, evening classes may be held. Class periods of 45 minutes are separated by rest periods of from 5 to 15 minutes, but double periods without breaks are permitted.

Laboratories, library, and workshops.-The School of Industrial Engineering is a new institution. Its laboratories, workshops, and library are in the process of development-a process which will gather speed with the return of peacetime production of machinery and other equipment. St factory progress has been made under existing circumstances, howevet. and good results are being achieved in the new school.

attend

Enrollment. In 1943 the enrollment was 100 with an average ance of 94, which is a clear indication of the demand for higher technical education in Chile.

Examinations, degrees, and titles.-Examinations are oral, written, and practical. They may be promotional, make-up, or for a degree, and follow the general procedures common in Chile. Grades may range from 1 to 7. Engineering degrees are conferred in electrotechnics, mechanics, metallurgy, and industrial chemistry. Requirements for the degree (título) are: Completion of the 3-year course of study; acceptance of a thesis, and satis factory performance on an oral "degree" examination on two subjects (one general, one in the major field) drawn by lot. A fee of 100 pesos charged for the diploma..

Course of studies.-The course of studies is made up of general subjects that are required of all students and special branches which vary according to major field. Representative of the offering of this school is the course in Mechanical Engineering, which follows in table 32:

Teaching staff. The teaching staff is composed of regular, special, and assistant professors, work chiefs (jefes de trabajo), and assistants. Regular professors are those employed to lecture in certain subjects of the program. Special professors offer courses parallel to those offered by the regular professors. Assistant professors offer supplementary classes which are re garded as indispensable for a full understanding of a given course. Work chiefs have charge of the laboratory and shop work, and assistants are employed to work directly with the students in reviews and similar activities.

Administration.-The direction of the School is in the hands of a director, appointed in a manner resembling our Civil Service procedure, and a School Council (Consejo de la Escuela) composed of all administrative and instructional personnel in the school at the time a meeting is called. Attendance is obligatory. All matters pertaining to the internal management and conduct of the school are deliberated in the Council. Social Service School of the Santiago Welfare Board

The Social Service School of the Santiago Welfare Board (Escuela de Servicio Social de la Junta de Beneficencia de Santiago de Chile), opened in 1925 with 51 students, to provide education and training in social welfare work. It is claimed to be the oldest institution of this character in Latin America.

Entrance requirements are similar to those of the School of Social Service "Elvira Matte de Cruchaga" (p. 109), with the additional requirement of a reading knowledge of a foreign language preferably English. The entrance examination consists of a written section covering secondary school subjects, a sight translation into Spanish from a French

or English text, a mental aptitude test, and a personal interview with the principal (directora) of the school. A registration fee of 100 pesos is charged. Classes are held from the middle of March to the end of August.

This school offers a 3-year course for the title of Social Case Worker (Visitadora Social). The theoretical and practical work of the course, & well as examinations and other requirements differ but little from thos of the Elvira Matte de Cruchaga School. The teaching staff consists of 1 members, including some of the most reputable psychologists, physicians i lawyers, and teachers in Chile. By the close of 1944 the total number of graduates of this school had reached 434.

A library of 2,728 volumes, many in English, and 89 different magazines and reviews published in Chile and abroad occupies three rooms with capacity for 100 readers. A review, Servicio Social, is published by the School three times a year.

State Schools of Social Service

State schools of social service are maintained by the Ministry of Public Education in Santiago, Concepción, and Temuco. The Temuco school was founded in 1942, the others 2 years earlier. Requirements for admission. examinations, and graduation are similar to those of Chile's other Sociai Service Schools. Sixty students had graduated from these three schools by the end of the 1944 school year. Enrollments in 1945 are approximately estimated as follows: Santiago, 120; Concepción, 40; Temuco, 40.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Spanish

BERRO, ROBERTO. La Protección a la Infancia en Chile: Su Nueva Organización. In Boletín del Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia. Tomo XVIII, No. 4, Diciembre 1944. Montevideo, Uruguay. p. 563-77.

BUSTOS A., OSCAR. Principios y Técnica de la Escuela Activa. 3d Edición. Santiago, Imprenta R. Quevedo O., 1944. 494 p.

BUSTOS PEREZ, VICENTE. Geografía de Chile. Política y Económica. Santiago, Imprenta Universo, 1944. 143 p.

Historia de Chile. 26a Edición, Revisada. Santiago, Imprenta Universo, 1944. 243 p.

Constitución Política de la República de Chile: Reforma Constitucional de 1943. Edición oficial, 1944. Santiago, Talleres Gráficos de "La Nación," 1944. CORDOVA, LUCIO. Las Nuevas Escuelas de Servicio Social en Chile. Folleto No. 115, Asociación Chilena de Asistencia Social. Santiago, Imprenta Leblanc, 1940. 25 p. DONOSO, RICARDO. Recopilación de Leyes, Reglamentos y Decretos relativos a los servicios de Enseñanza Pública. Santiago, Talleres de Imprenta de la Dirección General de Prisiones, 1937.

Recopilación de Leyes, Reglamentos y Decretos relativos a los servicios de la Enseñanza Superior. Santiago, Talleres de Imprenta de la Dirección General de Prisiones, 1937. 370 p.

Educación Primaria. Publicación del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, República de Colombia. Bogotá, Prensas de la Biblioteca Nacional, 1944.

Escuela de Servicio Social de la Junta de Beneficencia de Santiago de Chile. (Memoria de la Directora) Santiago, Imprenta El Imparcial, 1939. 59 p.

Escuela de Servicio Social "Elvira M. de Cruchaga," 1930-1940. (Memoria de la Directora) Santiago, Empresa Editora Zig-Zag, S. A., 1940. 179 p.

Formación del Profesor Primario. Enseñanza Normal. Santiago, 1940. 20 p. GUZMAN MATURANA, MANUEL. El Lector Chileno: Libro Segundo (Para el 3er año de la escuela primaria). Santiago, Imprenta Universo, 1943. 204 p.

HERNANDEZ, JUVENAL. Centenario de la Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Imprenta Universitaria, 1942. 20 p.

LABARCA HUBERTSON, AMANDA. Historia de la Enseñanza en Chile. Santiago, Imprenta Universitaria, 1939. 399 p.

LEON, ELENA. Acción del "Consejero" en los Problemas de la Disciplina Escolar. Revista de Educación, Año IV, No. 20, Abril 1944. Santiago, Ministerio de Educación Pública. Imprenta de la Escuela Nacional de Artes Gráficas, 1944. Memoria. Sociedad de Instrucción de Santiago. Santiago, Imprenta Universo, 1943.

87 p. Mensaje de Su Excelencia el Presidente de la República, Don Juan Antonio Ríos, en la Apertura de las Sesiones Ordinarias del Congreso Nacional, 21 de Mayo de 1943. Santiago, Imprenta Fiscal de la Penitenciaria, 1943.

Mensaje de Su Excelencia el Presidente de la República, Don Juan Antonio Ríos, en la Apertura de las Sesiones Ordinarias del Congreso Nacional, 21 de Mayo de 1944. Santiago, Imprenta Fiscal de la Penitenciaria, 1944.

MINISTERIO DE EDUCACION PUBLIC. Programas de Educación Secundaria (1° y 2° Ciclos de Humanidades). Dirección General de Educación Secundaria, 1935. Boletín Informativo. Año I, No. 1, Santiago, Octubre 1944

Año I, No. 2, Noviembre 1944

Año I, No. 3, Diciembre 1944

Boletín de las Escuelas Experimentales. No. 7, Diciembre 1943

No. 8, Agosto 1944