additional 17 States reported an increase in State and local effort during the same period to provide library resources in public elementary schools. Three other States and Guam reported an increase in private school effort to provide school library resources for the use of private school children. (In some States, the increase is for public elementary and secondary combined, or for private elementary and secondary combined.)

TABLE 15.-State, local, and private school expenditures per public and private elementary school pupils for school library resources, by State, fiscal years 1965 and 1966

TABLE 16.-State, local, and private school expenditures per public and private secondary school pupils for school library resources, by State, fiscal years 1965 and 1966

An increase in effort to provide school library resources for the use of secondary public school children from 1965 to 1966 was reported in 32 States and Guam, while 16 States and Guam report similar increases in secondary private schools. The increase in effort in these States to provide school library resources in both public and private schools can probably be partly attributed to the stimulation of funds from Federal sources.

ELEMENTARY

In the 31 States reporting an increase in local and State effort to provide school library resources for the use of elementary public school children, the amounts of the increases range from 10 cents or less per pupil in six States-Alaska, Idaho, New York, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Washington-to $1.51 per pupil in Virginia. The increase in private school effort in 17 States and Guam ranges from 10 cents or less per pupil in six States-Idaho, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, and Vermont-to $1 per pupil in Guam.

Michigan, Tennessee, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands maintained the same level of support per pupil in 1965 and 1966 for the provision of school library resources, and Louisiana, Michigan, and the District of Columbia also reported no change in level of support for private school library resources.

Decreases in local and State effort to provide school library resources in public elementary schools were reported in five States-Arizona, Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada, Rhode Island-and Guam. Seven States-Alaska, California, Delaware, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas, and West Virginia-reported decreases from 1965 to 1966 in private school effort to provide school library resources.

The amounts of these decreases range from 5 cents in New Mexico to $3 in Nevada. The title II regulation concerned with maintenance. of effort (sec. 117.24) permit a degree of flexibility and allow for normal fluctuations in State, local, and private expenditures for materials. Such fluctuations may occur when exceptionally large amounts of money are spent in 1 year because of unusual circumstances such as the acquisition of basic library collections in new schools.

SECONDARY

In the 33 States and outlying areas reporting an increase in local and State effort to provide school library resources for the use of secondary public school children, the amounts of the increases range from 10 cents or less per pupil in six States-Alaska, Idaho, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, and Vermont-to $1.73 in Tennessee. The increases in private school effort in 16 States and Guam range from 10 cents or less in Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, New York, and Vermont to $2.14 in Maine.

In Michigan, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands the same level of support for public secondary school library resources was reported in both 1965 and 1966. No increase in effort for private secondary school library resources was also reported in Louisiana, Michigan, Ohio, and the District of Columbia.

A decrease in State and local effort to provide public secondary school pupils with library materials from 1965 to 1966 was reported in Arizona, Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada, North Dakota, and Rhode Island, the amounts of the decrease varying from 9 cents per pupil in Louisiana and North Dakota to $3 per pupil in Nevada. Á similar decrease in private school effort to provide secondary school pupils with library materials was reported in California, Delaware, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas, and West Virginia. The amounts of the decrease vary from 2 cents per pupil in West Virginia to $4.41 per pupil in Delaware.

FUNDS EXPENDED UNDER TITLE II

Table 17 provides the per pupil expenditure of ESEA title II funds for school library materials for the use of children in elementary and secondary schools, fiscal year 1966. (Data are not complete for all States and outlying areas.) Of the 47 States and outlying areas supplying the per pupil expenditure of ESEA title II funds for school library resources, 15 States spent more per pupil for elementary than secondary pupils, 14 States spent more per secondary than elementary pupil, and 18 States reported spending the same amount per elementary and secondary school pupils.

TABLE 17.-Per pupil expenditures of ESEA title II funds for school library resources, by State, fiscal year 1966

I Under the relative need formula, secondary pupils in only 2 demonstration schools participated in fiscal year 1966.

The difference in per pupil expenditures under the ESEA title II program in these States and outlying areas probably reflect the relative need formulas developed in the different States and the larger total number of elementary than secondary pupils.

The average expenditure per elementary school pupil for school library resources in 1966 was $2.70. With the addition of ESEA title II funds this amount was increased to an average of $5 in 1966, an increase of 85 percent. The increase in average expenditure over the same period for similar materials for secondary pupils was from $3.72 to $6.42, an increase of 73 percent (figure 6).

Figure 6. NEVERTHELESS, THE PERCENT INCREASE IN AVERAGE PER CHILD EXPENDITURE OF FY 1966 OVER FY 1965, FOR LIBRARY RESOURCES, TEXTBOOKS, AND OTHER INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IS 85% FOR ELEMENTARY AND 73% FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

The American Library Association standard for annual per pupil expenditure for library books in schools having 250 or more students is $4 to $6 per student. The Department of Audiovisual Instruction, National Education Association recommends in its standards that not less than 1 percent of the average per pupil cost in the school unit should be spent per year per student to provide for a basic on-going audiovisual materials program. To provide an advanced audiovisual materials program, it recommends that the 1 percent figure be increased to 1.5 percent.

An expenditure of $5 to $6.50 per student means that little more than one library book per pupil could be added yearly for the use of pupils and teachers, if the funds were spent entirely for books. It should be noted that the category of school library resources includes books, other printed materials, and audiovisual materials, so that an increase to $5 per pupil for these resources does not indicate that national standards for school library books have been met.

American Association of School Librarians, "Standards for School Library Programs." Chicago, American Library Association, 1960. P. 83.

"Quantitative Standards for Audiovisual Personnel, Equipment and Materials (in Elementary. Secondary, and Higher Education)." Washington, D.C., National Education Association, Department of Audiovisual Instruction, 1966.