Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education

Administration agencies Alternatives to Animal analgesic anesthetic animal research Animal Resources animal testing Animal Welfare Act APHIS Assessment behavioral research biological biomedical research carcinogenicity cats cells Center chemical chorioallantoic membrane committee computer simulation culture disease dogs enforcement estimates Ethics Evaluation experimental experiments Federal Food funding genetic Government guidelines guinea pigs hamsters human IACUC invertebrates Laboratory Animal mals Medical ment methods million models monkey moral mutagenicity nonanimal nonhuman number of animals organisms pain or distress percent personal communication primates procedures programs protocols rabbits rats and mice regulations research and testing research facilities response Rhesus monkey rodents safety schools Science scientific Service sources species standards statutes substance techniques tion tissue toxicity toxicity testing Toxicology tranquilizing drugs treatment U.S. Congress U.S. Department University USDA vertebrates veterinary vitro Washington York