clothes dryers, water heaters, room air conditioners, home heating
equipment, kitchen ranges and ovens, clothes washers, central air
conditioners, furnaces, etc. DOE has developed test methods presently
used for the energy efficiency labeling of appliances under regulations
of the Federal Trade Commission. "Energy efficiency" is defined in terms
of the "ratio of the useful output of services from a consumer product
to the energy use of such product." DOE, prior to NECPA enactment,
developed efficiency improvement targets for these appliances. The
National Energy Conservation Policy Act presently requires the develop-
ment of energy efficiency standards for 13 categories of appliances.
Further, the Department of Energy has the authority to expand the list
to cover other major appliances meeting statutory criteria.

which they use energy.

Industry accounts for over 40 percent of energy used in the U.S. The effect of increased fuel prices and altered patterns of fuel availability has stimulated many commercial and industrial firms to improve the efficiency with Mandated programs in this area include the following: Industrial Energy Conservation (Pub. L. 94-163, sections 371-376: Pub. L. 95-619, section 601). This program is designed to "promote increased energy efficiency by American industry." This program requires each corporation which consumes at least 1 trillion British Thermal Units (one terajoule) of energy per year and is within one of the twenty major energy-consuming industries identified by DOE to report annually to the Secretary of Energy on the progress made

this program requires the Secretary to establish energy efficiency improvement targets for at least the most energy-consuming industries and to apprise the Congress of the progress made toward meeting such

targets.

Industrial Equipment Energy Efficiency Pub. L. 95-619, section 441), quoted as "The purpose of this part is to improve the efficiency of electric motors and pumps and certain other industrial equipment in order to conserve the energy resources of the Nation."

The types

of equipment covered include compressors, fans, blowers, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment, electrolytic and electric arc equipment, steam boilers, ovens, furnaces, kilns, evaporators and dryers. This program authorizes a study to determine the practicability of requiring electric motors and pumps to meet performance standards establishing minimum levels of energy efficiency. Further, it authorizes the Secretary of Energy to conduct similar evaluations of other types of industrial equipment. It further authorizes DOE to propose test procedures and labeling requirements for any equipment for which such standards are determined to be practicable.

Recovered Materials (Pub. L. 95-619, section 461). The purpose of this program is to conserve valuable energy in scarce natural resources by establishing targets for increased industrial utilization of recovered materials and to establish voluntary goals and incentives for this purpose. Materials explicitly covered by this program as energy-saving recovered materials include aluminum, lead, copper, zinc, iron, steel, paper and allied paper products, textiles, and rubber. In establishing these voluntary goals or targets, the technological and economic ability

recovered materials is to be considered.

B.3 Transportation

Transportation accounts for approximately 25 percent of energy end use. A major energy conservation program of interest in this study in this area

involves:

Automotive Fuel Economy (Pub. L. 94-163, section 301; Pub. L. 95-619, sections 401-404). This program involves the establishment of average fuel economy standards applicable to each of a number of designated automobile manufacturers. Average fuel economy is defined in terms of a fleet-weighted average for all the vehicles produced by a manufacturer in a given model year. The standards range from an average fuel economy standard in miles per gallon of 18 in 1979 to 27.5 in 1985 and thereafter.

B.4 Utilities

Efficiency of energy use in energy utilities, particularly electric power generation, but also in those producing and selling heat, is also an important element of the national energy conservation effort. A major mandated program

in this area involves:

Rate Designed Initiatives for Electric Utilities (Pub. L. 94-385, section 204). The purpose of this program is to fund regulatory rate reform initiatives. In addition, under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-617, State regulatory bodies. and nonregulated utilities are required to consider 11 ratemaking and regulatory policy standards with respect to, among other things, the conservation and efficient use of resources.

The purpose of this section is to present an analysis of the relevance of analytical techniques based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics to energy conservation programs. This analysis was carried out using the methodology described in Section II, draws on the materials presented in the previous sections, on the results of the contract study carried out by General Energy Associates (Vol. 2 of DOE's report to Congress), the state-of-the art as reflected in the literature, and the judgment of the NBS reviewers. This analysis has of necessity been limited both in scope and depth by the resources available for this study. Nonetheless, it is believed that the most important and potentially relevant applications of Second Law analysis have been considered in this process. Since availability analysis and other forms of application of Second Law principles are constantly evolving and finding broader use, it should be expected that new techniques and applications will emerge in the future.

Before describing the results of the study they must be put into context. Energy analyses based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics are relevant, in principle, to the understanding, designing and optimizations for all systems in which the use of energy is important. However for some applications they may not be sufficient, for others they may be irrelevant and in some cases they may be impractical today.

Capital costs and social goals may be overriding factors. Energy analysis may be only tenuously connected to programs emphasizing financial assistance. Current technology and the lack of thermodynamic properties data may inhibit the use of Second Law based analyses. All of these factors are reflected in the judgments presented below.

conservation programs of the Second Law of Thermodynamics is presented on

Table 1. An account of the basis for this assessment constitutes the balance

of this section. The rows of Table 1 represent the various groups of Federal energy conservation programs outlined in Section III. The titles of the various elements of each of these programs are also presented in Column 1. The second column of this table identifies potentially relevant existing energy technologies or systems considered in examining each of the major energy conservation program areas. Major technical systems or components not particularly affected by Second Law analysis are not shown. (For example, consider the area of building energy conservation. The thermal resistance of a building envelope and its design are largely functions of weather, indoor-outdoor temperature differentials, and materials properties. In this instance, Second Law analysis is of little relevance since it provides no additional useful information. Similarly, in the transportation area, transportation network configuration, traffic generation and density distributions are affected by a wide range of socioeconomic as well as technical factors and are beyond the scope of Second Law analysis techniques).

The third column of Table 1 presents the principal results of this study. This column contains three subcolumns representing the three generic situations for which the potential relevance of Second Law analysis has been considered; that is, in general planning or establishing research priorities; as a tool for system or component design, analysis, evaluation, or testing; and, finally, in the monitoring and/or reporting of system operational performance. The first of these subcolumns is analogous to the general planning stage during which background research on various technologies might be conducted to determine whether a commitment for investing in a particular technology should be made.