The purpose of this section is to describe briefly the energy conservation programs covered by this study and to note in each case the aspect of the program, if any, for which the concept of energy efficiency deriving from the second law of thermodynamics may be relevant. Section 683 of P.L. 95-619, the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, requires specifically that the following energy conservation programs be considered:

a.

Pub. L. 94-163, the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA):

2.

b.

c.

Pub. L. 94-385, the 1976 Energy Conservation and Production Act

(ECPA);

Pub. L. 95-619, the 1978 National Energy Conservation Policy
Act (NECPA); and

Appropriate Federal programs in energy research, development and demonstration. (Principal authority in this area is Pub. L. 93-577 the 1974 Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act.) In general, all of these programs fall under the responsibility of the Assistant Secretary, Conservation and Solar Energy, Department of Energy, with important related roles played by other offices in DOE, other government agencies including State and local governments, and private sector organizations as well.

A number of the programs authorized by these statutes are concerned with related aspects of the same technologies within the various sectors of the energy economy. This is particularly true for DOE research, development and demonstration programs. Therefore, in the analysis (Section IV) the principal techniques associated with each sector are discussed instead of the individual programs. For example, in the area of building energy conservation, the technologies of appliances; building heating, ventilating and air conditioning

the numerous specific programs described below.

Finally, the general topic of solar energy is not explicitly addressed in this study although it is mentioned in a number of these statutes. Solar is not usually considered as an energy conservation technology, but as an alternative source. Also, as yet, no clear advantage for applying Second Law techniques to solar systems has been established. Furthermore, difficulties exist in defining

an appropriate solar source temperature that will provide an equitable comparison with fossil fuel systems.

Since the technologies involved in the DOE energy conservation research, development and demonstration (RD&D) programs are essentially the same as those affected by the mandated programs, the RD&D programs are not described in the following paragraphs. What follows is a brief summary of Federal energy conservation programs by major energy-using sectors of the economy (buildings, industry, transportation, and utilities).

B.1 Energy Conservation in Buildings

Buildings account for approximately 1/3 of energy use. Thus, programs and technologies aimed at improving efficiency of energy use in new and existing buildings and associated appliances and equipment offer important contributions to the total national energy conservation effort.

area include the following:

Legislated programs in this

Energy Conservation Standards for New Buildings (Pub. L. 94-385 sections 301-311). This program involves the development and implementation, 'as soon as practicable, of performance standards to which new residential and commercial buildings will be designed to achieve the maximum practicable. improvements in energy efficiency and increases in the use of nondepletable

comment on November 14, 1979 (44 FR 68120 [November 28, 1979]). The standards will require new buildings to meet specific design energy

budget levels measured in terms of thousands of Btu's per square foot per year.

Because they are performance, instead of component standards,

designers and builders will retain flexibility in choosing designs

which achieve significant energy savings. In developing these

standards, DOE is carrying out extensive research and technology development efforts which will significantly advance the state-of-the art for the energy efficient design of new buildings.

State Energy Conservation Plans (Pub. L. 94-163, sections 361-366; Pub. L. 94-385, sections 431-432; Pub. L. 95-619, sections 621-623). This program lays out the requirements that State energy conservation plans must meet to be eligible for Federal assistance. They include mandatory lighting efficiency standards for public buildings, mandatory standards and policies relating to energy efficiency in procurement practices, and mandatory thermal efficiency standards and insulation requirements for new and renovated buildings. The mandatory lighting efficiency standards which have been developed by DOE are expressed in terms of illumination requirements for various types of activities within buildings. Thermal efficiency standards and insulation requirements are expressed in engineering units in a form consistent with the building energy conservation standards described above and other standards widely used in current practice (for example, the American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers' Standard 90-75).

sections 411-422; Pub. L. 95-619, sections 231-233). The purpose of this
program is to develop and implement procedures to assist low-income persons
in achieving the prescribed level of insulation in the dwellings. This
is a financial assistance program. DOE's regulations for this program

are required "to achieve a balance of a healthy dwelling environment and
maximum practicable energy conservation." The weatherization materials
eligible under this program include, for example, caulking and weather-
stripping, certain furnace modifications, clock thermostats, ceiling/
attic/wall/floor/duct insulation, and "such other insulating or energy-
conserving devices or technologies as the Administrator may determine by
rule." DoE and others have conducted a series of analyses to determine
the energy conservation effects of such weatherization measures.

Residential Conservation Service Program (Pub. L. 95-619, sections 210225, 10 CFR Part 456 [1979]). This program requires large electric and gas utilities and, on a voluntary basis, urges oil dealers to inform customers of suggested measures for energy conservation and uses of renewable resources and

to provide estimates of the energy savings and costs of such measures.
These measures include insulation, storm windows and doors, caulking
and weatherstripping, replacement air conditioners, furnace efficiency
modifications, clock thermostats, solar hot water heaters, and solar
space heating systems. These programs are to be initiated in 1980.
Here again, the principal technical issues include identifying the appro-
priate standards necessary for safe and effective installation of the

program measures and determining which measures are appropriate for use
for a given location and category of building.

301-312). This program involves grants "to States and to public and non-
profit schools and hospitals to assist them in identifying and imple-
menting energy conservation maintenance and operating procedures and
in evaluating, acquiring, and installing energy conservation measures
to reduce the energy use and anticipated energy costs of schools and
hospitals." As with the Residential Conservation Service, this program
involves explicitly defined energy conservation measures. These include
insulation, storm windows and doors, automatic energy control systems,
furnace or utility plant and distribution system modifications, energy
recovery systems, cogeneration systems, "such other measures as the
Secretary identifies by rule," and "such other measures as a grant
applicant shows will save a substantial amount of energy and are
identified in an energy audit."

Energy Conservation and Measurement in Federal Buildings (Pub. L. 94-163, section 318, Pub. L. 95-619, sections 501-551). These programs involve efforts to improve efficiency of energy use in new and existing Federal buildings and facilities and to encourage the use of renewable resource systems in them. In particular, it is the purpose of these programs to promote the use of commonly accepted methods to establish and compare the lifecycle costs of operating Federal buildings and the life-cycle fuel

and energy requirements of such buildings with and without special features for energy conservation and

the use of solar heating and cooling

and other renewable energy sources in Federal buildings."

Appliance Labeling and Minimum Efficiency Standards (Pub. L. 94-163

sections 321-339; Pub. L. 95-619, sections 421-427). This program is

aimed at improving the efficiency of a variety of home appliances