and a crime, and destroyed the contraband and forfeited stock of liquor, with all its utensils and agencies, like a kit of burglars' tools. In addition to this, it increased personal penalties and made imprisonment easy whenever a community is in earnest.

The Maine law, in efficient form, was signed by the Governor June 2, 1851. Before its enactment, prohibition had been a barren fig-tree, except in remarkably fine seasons. Since that time, whenever the lord of the vineyard has cared for it, the tree has borne good fruit. It does not yield well in the wild state; but it is not a thistle, and, when properly cultivated, it produces, not thorns, but figs.

The temperance movement had now developed the two great agencies of its own promotion, and henceforth there could be no doubt that the efforts of its supporters would be directed to secure total abstinence by the individual and absolute prohibition by the State.

For the last thirty-five years, more than the average lifetime of a generation, the application of these two principles -abstinence and prohibition-has been the intelligent object of the temperance movement, and such will necessarily continue to be the plan of battle to the end.

But the public mind grasps the situation slowly; and every step in advance is taken only after experience has demonstrated its necessity. Prohibition was long applied merely to the retail sale. It seems incomprehensible that intelligent law-makers should not have directed their efforts first against the manufacture; but it is only within the last few years that this has been done; and even now the force of the temperance movement is largely wasted by misdirection. More slowly still has the public mind been able to comprehend the necessity of action by the nation, in order 'that the entire sovereignty of the people may be exerted for the overthrow of an evil which is as incapable of control by the States as the waters of the ocean are of separation by geographical lines. But, notwithstanding all these and other difficulties, which have been and are and will be encountered, the liquor traffic is doomed to destruction; because the public good demands it, and the intelligent conscience of the people will never rest until the strong arm of the law

has thrust the sword of prohibition through and through the monster's heart.

Thus, through many vicissitudes and fluctuations, the temperance movement has grown stronger and more sublime during the last third of a century, until now it displays international proportions and embraces the world in its sweep. Always and everywhere its only real victories have been won under the banner of total abstinence and prohibition. In every controversy, whether in nation, or state, or county, or other municipality, the test comes between these two great principles on the one hand, and the moderate or free use -high or low license or free indulgence, for it is all one thing ultimately on the other.

Guided by the unerring instinct of self-preservation, the traffic invariably arrays itself with this latter group. No stronger demonstration than this fact could exist, that only the former are its enemies, while license and moderation are its friends.

The intelligence which comes of incessant agitation has now forced the issue to the front, where it stands as the great moral, sentimental and even industrial problem of the times. Evasion or escape from it is no longer possible. It confronts all political parties, and where they neglect or refuse to consider, it creates new ones and old things pass away. Religion finds in the liquor traffic the personification of all sin, and in destroying it achieves the salvation of the race. The hopes and affections of domestic life have discovered in it their great enemy; and are concentrating against the destroyer of manhood, womanhood, childhood, home. And now, be

hold for all the aroused faculties of the masses of men are in action to achieve independence of the tyrant of the ages; and all the attributes and powers of Almighty God are pledged for their success.

The Supreme Court of the United States has just decided, in the Kansas cases, that the State has full power to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors within its limits, without compensation for loss thereby occasioned to those previously engaged in the traffic. This settles, finally and favorably, a vexed and important question, which has hitherto greatly perplexed and, in some localities, retarded the temperance reform.

CHAPTER XXI.

FORCES AGAINST ALCOHOL RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS.

The Two Great Principles, Total Abstinence and Prohibition-Religious Organizations - "One Hundred Years of Temperance"-The Roll-Call of the Churches-Presbyterian Church-John Wesley and the Methodist Champions The Baptist Position; Gov. George N. Briggs and Congressional Temperance Society; Wayland, Knapp, Garrison: Mississippi Convention of 1884: Dr. Gifford's Summary Reformed Dutch Church - Cumberland Presbyterian Church Lutheran Church Society of Friends-United Brethren-Disciples of Christ-Universalist Church: Thompson, Chapin and Miner -Methodist Protestant Church-Congregational Churches; Humphrey, Evarts, Beecher, Justin Edwards, Cheever, Gough, Wilson and others—Episcopal Church-German Reformed Church - The Moravians-Reformed Episcopal - The Unitarians; Lowell, Channing, Ware, May, Pierrepont, Gannett, Hale, Faxon-Free Baptist Church-Christian Church - Church of God - United Presbyterian Church-African Methodists - Evangelical Association Methodist Episcopal Church South - The Unanimity of the Churches on this Great Moral Issue.

I

FIND it impossible within the limits of a much larger work than this to enter upon a statement of the multifarious details of the temperance movement in recent years. Nor is it necessary, for the most that is important is either fresh in general recollection or is accessible in the various records of contemporaneous events. I have endeavored rather to write of facts and principles which are the elements of the great debate, and on which the final decision of the controversy must depend, and to avoid the endless and profitless discussion of the details of temporary measures and of local action. It is sufficient for this purpose to say that it seems to me that all which is desirable or permanent in the temperance movement lies in the application and enforcement of these two great leading principles: Total abstinence from the use of all intoxicating beverages by the individual, and absolute prohibition thereof by public law. Whatever