ing, 8 days; for furniture, etc., 11 days; for hardware, 12 days; for cotton goods, 8 days; for woolen goods, 61% days; for worsted goods, 68 days; and for men's furnishing goods, 93 days; while one hundred dollars spent for liquor will only give one man work for a little over of a day, or a little over a half-day. It must be clear to every one that to spend money for intoxicating drinks inflicts serious injury on the trade and industry of the country and deprives our laboring classes of work and wages. Workmen! the drink question is more important to you than the tariff or any other question before the country. Abolish the drink traffic, and there will be work and good wages for all.

LOSS BY THE DESTRUCTION OF FOOD.

The grain and other products destroyed by the brewers and distillers to produce drink (articles unfit to nourish the human body) are a total loss. To make intoxicating drinks, over sixtysix million bushels of the various kinds of grain are destroyed annually. In 1882, there was destroyed in distilleries 2,192,719 bushels of malt; 301,241 bushels of wheat; 4,228,669 bushels of rye; 20,051,239 bushels corn; 168,488 bushels oats; 452,330 bushels mill feed, and 2,121,804* gallons of molasses. There were destroyed in breweries 39,201,697 bushels of barley. Total grain destroyed in distilleries and breweries 66,660,792 bushels, which at fifty cents a bushel would be worth $33,330,396. The average weight of grain used for liquors is about fifty-three lbs. per bushel, and yields forty lbs. of flour, makes sixty lbs. of bread, or fifteen four-pouud loaves. The 66 million bushels would give a grand total of 990,000,000 four-pound loaves of bread, or more than 99 loaves for each family in the United States in 1880. This does not include the grain destroyed in making the imported liquors used, nor the native wines, 30,000,000 gallons, as given in the Report of Agriculture, 1880, but only liquors paying tax as per Internal Revenue Report for 1882. These loaves used as paving stones would pave a street fifteen hundred miles long, or a road along the line of the railroad longer than from Boston to Omaha, Nebraska.

The drink not only ruins our people financially, but undermines virtue, blunts the conscience, effaces memory, enfeebles understanding, dethrones reason, and destroys life. It is certainly bad to destroy the grain, but it is very much worse to destroy the grain and ruin the people also. It is a sin and a crime to destroy food even when enough is left to feed the people. The food annually destroyed would feed not less than three millions of our people.

*The average yield of grain was 3,694 gallons spirits per bushel-one gallon molasses yielded .781 of a gallon of spirits. See Internal Revenue Report, 1881. p. lix.

GRAIN DESTROYED IN DISTILLERIES.

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Every bushel of grain made into liquor increases the price of what remains. Dear bread means bad trade. When people have to pay all, or nearly all, they earn for food, they cannot buy clothing and other necessaries. It is the same in the end whether 66 million bushels of food are destroyed in breweries and distilleries or rot in the fields by rain and mildew, and cut down by grasshoppers. You may say the farmer gets his money for the grain, and it employs labor and consumes products, etc. True. If I buy a barrel of flour for $5, and then throw it into the river, I cause a consumption of products. It is wasted, you say.. How so? I paid the flour merchant-he paid the miller-the miller paid his men their wages -the farmer receives his money for the wheat, and the money is circulated. But you answer, you have not the barrel of flour you paid for-you have nothing for your money. There's the point! Neither the buyer nor consumer receives value for the money paid for liquor. It is an entirely useless commodity, and hence the materials used in its manufacture are destroyed; the labor employed to produce the drink, and the money paid for it, are entirely lost. With the destruction of the flour or grain the loss ends; but with money spent for drink there begins another series of losses-financial, physical, mental and moral-the least of which is the money paid for liquors. Therefore, if the grain was simply destroyed without being made into liquors, it would be vastly better for our people. No nation can practice such waste and continue to prosper.

MONEY SPENT FOR DRINKS AND OTHER PURPOSES.

There has been spent for intoxicating drinks during this century (from 1800 to 1883) more than twenty one thousand million dollars (21,683,959,223), which is over four thousand million dollars more than all imports into and over six thousand million more than all imports from the country within the same period. In the three years from 1880 to 1882 (inclusive), over two thousand four hundred millions were spent for drinks, or a little less than all our exports, and about four hundred million dollars more than all our foreign imports. These three years drink bill was two hundred millions more than the value of all our agricultural products ($2,213,402,564) in 1880. Our last year's (1883) drink bill ($944,629,581) was only about three millions less than all the wages paid in 1880 for all manufacturing and mechanical industries ($947,953,795), and only about nineteen millions less than the estimated expenditures for food ($963,000,000) in 1880.

The value of the products of all manufacturing and mechanical industries of the United States in 1880 ($5,369,579,191) was 154 million dollars more than our last six years drink bill ($5,204,927,246).

Our last ten years drink bill ($7,206,598,304) was only 336 millions less than the value ($7,572,981,758) of all our agricultural products and all the products of our mechanical and manufacturing ndustries in 1880.

Our people in less than three years spent in drink the value of all our products of agriculture, and in about 10 years expended the value of all the productive industries of the country. In other words, if a fire was kindled on the first of January every eleventh year, and continue burning during that year-if every article as fast as produced in all our factories, workshops and mines, and all our farm products, as fast as gathered, were thrown into this fire, and burned up until only the ashes remained, such destruction of the products of labor would not do as much harm nor inflict upon our people as much pecuniary injury as is produced every eleven years by the use of and the sale of intoxicating drinks. To destroy annually the products of our factories, workshops and farms of the value of the money spent for drink, by fire or flood, would be a great loss, and cries of woe and sorrow would be heard all over our land. Yet this destruction would not deprive our people of the ability and power to supply their loss with other products, as do the drinks for which the money is spent.

The assessed value of the real and personal property of the United States in 1880 was $16,902,993,543, and the real value about double that amount, or $33,805,987,086. We spent during the present century (from 1800 to 1883 inclusive) nearly 22 thousand million dollars ($21,683,959,223), or more than two thirds the real value of all the property, real and personal, that has accumulated in the nation since the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers on Plymouth Rock.

If the real cost of liquors and the consequential results of their use could be ascertained since the Declaration of Independence of the United States, it would doubtless be found that more money has been spent than would buy to-day all our farms, factories, workshops, mines, railroads, houses, furniture, clothing, stores, warehouses, and everything they contained, with breweries, distilleries and liquor shops thrown in. If the money spent since the Declaration of Independence for drink had been spent for useful and necessary articles, the real and personal property would doubtless be nearly double what it now is, our people more intelligent, moral and religious, and our industrious classes free from the taxation imposed for charities and corrections.

The ten years drink bill (from 1870 to 1879) was $6,706,913,406, or fifteen hundred millions more than the permanent investment ($5,182,445,807) in all the 87,891 miles of railroads operated in

DR. HARGREAVES' DIAGRAM.

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1880. Our drink bill ($5,567,52,076) for the eight years from 1875 to 1882 inclusive, was 385 millions more than the investment in all the railroads in the country. The drink bill of 1880 ($733,616,495) was 72 millions more than the aggregate income ($661,295,391) of all the railroads in the nation that year.

No people, however favored, can continue to prosper who waste so large a proportion of labor value for poisonous drinks. No wonder that hard times and stagnation of trade should follow such waste and the violation of economic laws.

I here insert another of Dr. Hargreaves' diagrams, somewhat similar to the last, but conveying other facts and comparisons to the mind. These diagrams, conveying instruction through the eye, let in a flood of light, and a most startling landscape of waste, folly and misery it is.

DR. HARGREAVES' DIAGRAM, COMPARING EXPENDITURES FOR INTOXICATING DRINK IN 1883, WITH CHIEF ITEMS OF EXPENDITURES FOR NECESSARIES OF LIFE IN 1880.

CHAPTER XII.

ALCOHOL DESTROYS THE LIFE AND WEALTH OF THE WORLD.

The Fate of all Civilized Nations Affected by the Liquor Traffic-Consumption of Spirits in the United Kingdom-The Amount per Capita -Money enough Spent for Liquor from 1831 to 1881 to Purchase the Entire United Kingdom-The Case in France-The Use of Liquor Doubled in Forty Years-Report to the French Government-The Home of the American Despot-Telling Facts and Figures Showing the Vast Extent of the Traffic-Germany, Russia, Persia, the World.

HE unity of the human race is the great social and polit

THE

ical fact. God hath made of one blood all men that do dwell on the face of the earth. That unity is true not only of all the living, but hereditary influence largely controls posterity; so that every individual man is affected by the total of all that has been done or suffered by all nations and all individuals who have already existed, and he is responsible according to the measure of his powers and opportunity for the condition of all who are to be unto the end of time.

Especially is it true that the fate of all civilized nations is vitally affected by the liquor traffic, and that they suffer from a common evil which united action alone can cure. We may feel a special interest in the Anglo-Saxon race, by reason of our common origin, language, history, literature and institutions. But the rapidly increasing facilities of inter-communication and of interchange of person, property and intelligence are rapidly abolishing all barriers and distinctions. Railroads, telegraphs and telephones are everywhere. They unite the world as by a universal emotion. They make their own conditions; reduce all things to homogeneity, and dominate wherever they are, as the light rules the day. It is clear to one who can see, that Asia and Africa will soon arise from the sleep of ages, break loose from the chains of the past and unite their billion of inhabitants with the more advanced western nations. Not many centuries and perhaps not many decades hence, the grand federation of all nations, tongues and peoples