provisions which regulated prostitution, and the disorderly houses were closed. The Ministry of Public Health has a committee composed of physicians, lawyers, and sociologists, which directs the campaign against venereal disease and prostitution. Various organizations are directing their work along preventive lines by instituting dormitories in the various cities, where girls may live and be protected.— Marie Záhořová-Němcová, Journal of Social Hygiene, XI (October, 1925), 407-16. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R.

Life's Greatest Tragedy.-At Carville, Louisiana, is located the federal leprosarium, with about two hundred inmates. Through motion pictures, pleasant recreation and reading-rooms, and a homelike atmosphere, life is made endurable for those unfortunates who bear the frightful burden of being looked upon with unspeakable horror and apprehension.-Frederick L. Hoffman, The Nation's Health, VII (July, 1925), 480-81. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R.

Analysis of the Nut File of the Los Angeles Police Department.-A psychiatric analysis of the letters written by cranks to men holding public office in Los Angeles led to the recommendations that a psychiatric officer be appointed as head of a psychiatric detail in the police department, that a psychiatric adviser to the police, district attorney's, and sheriff's offices be appointed, and that the state and county facilities for caring for the insane be supported and developed.-H. Douglas Eaton, Samuel Ingham, and Thomas J. Orbison, Journal of Delinquency, IX (September, 1925), 158-60. (VIII, 4.) E. R. R.

The Rôle of Conferences with Relatives in the Educational Program of a State Psychopathic Hospital.-Conferences with relatives on visiting days represent a very important part of the educational program of a state psychopathic hospital. Relatives are enabled to come into contact with the entire staff of the hospital and are helped to understand the aims and ideals of the departments in their care of individual patients.-Franklin G. Ebaugh, Mental Hygiene, IX (October, 1925), 753-59. (VIII, 4.) E. R. R.

The Mental Disorders of Childhood.—Juvenile paresis is congenital; idiocy, in cases of spastic hemiplegia and diplegia (muscular twitching or spasms), may be social rather than innate; emotional excitement, such as attempts to proselytize a precocious Jewish girl of thirteen, may be the occasion for breakdown, and possibly other social factors may be found in the discussion of eighteen disorders of children apparently healthy at birth.-Charles W. Burr, American Journal of Psychiatry, V (July, 1925), 145–61. (VIII, 4.) P. B. B.

The Masculine Side of Occupational Therapy. The purpose of occupational therapy is not to get a necessary task done, as in the industrial occupation of mental patients. On the contrary, the patient is employed for therapeutic reasons only, and the task is selected to treat or employ the patient. The field that now appears to require the services of men therapists is the men's department of the mental and nervous hospital.-Louis J. Haas, Mental Hygiene, IX (October, 1925), 743-52. (VIII, 4.) E. R. R.

A Tentative Program of Co-operation between Psychiatrists and Lawyers.— Proper co-operation between the leaders of the legal and psychiatric profession will do much to improve the administration of justice and to reduce the volume of unhappiness, vice, and crime. These practical tasks wait for practical solution on the basis of constant study of conditions, and in the light of sound social policy. To effect co-operation, psychiatrists should focus their efforts on the problems of psychiatric terminology, mental examination of accused persons before trial, the status of expert testimony, psychological tests, and legal tests of responsibility of the insane, methods of release of criminal insane, and examinations of persons committed for repeated minor offenses.-S. Sheldon Glueck, Mental Hygiene, IX (October, 1925), 686-98. (VI, 5; VIII, 4.) E. R. R.

Outcome of Mental Diseases in the United States.-The special census of hospitals for mental disease taken by the federal census bureau as of January 1, 1923, gives more comprehensive data concerning the outcome of mental disease in this country as a whole than have hitherto been available. They aid in giving a clear picture of the results of institutional treatment of mental disease.-Horatio M. Pollock, Mental Hygiene, IX (October, 1925), 783-804. (VIII, 4; IX, 1.)

E. R. R.

Prohibition and Crime.-The highest courts recognize that the liquor traffic has been the dominant cause of crime, misery, and pauperism. Further reduction of crime relating to liquor depends upon the enforcement of the law and strong public opinion reflected in voluntary obedience to law and the election of honest officials. -Richard J. Hopkins, North American Review, CCXXII (September, October, November, 1925), 40–44. (VIII, 5, 1.) P.E. M.

Prohibition and Prosperity.-Prohibition is a contributing factor in the increased prosperity among our working classes. This prosperity is seen in a higher standard of living, the extent to which laborers are entering the capitalist class, and the growth of labor banks.-Thomas N. Carver, North American Review, CCXXII (September, October, November, 1925), 69–73. (VIII, 5, 1.) P. E. M.

Pleasure and Deterioration from Narcotic Addiction.-Opiates produce no mental pleasure in stable persons except that due to relief of acute pain. In unstable persons they produce pleasure only during the early period of addiction. Cocaine may produce pleasurable stimulation in both types. Nervously normal opium addicts do not undergo appreciable mental or moral deterioration. In those who appear to be morally degenerated this is due more to original nervous instability than it is to the effect of the drug. Opiates are less harmful than cocaine and do not produce noticeable intellectual deterioration.-Lawrence Kolb, Mental Hygiene, IX (October, 1925), 699–724. (VIII, 5.) E. R. R.

IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

Individualism and the Organization of Neuropsychiatric Work in the Community. In the organization of neuropsychiatric work in a community the present-day rise of individualism urges us in a number of directions. It keeps before us a philosophy of evolution and growth; cultivates a respect for individual differences, and a desire to understand and use individual qualities; encourages teaching by doing, and confidence in the worker, and tends toward the cultivation of a truly fundamental and creative and progressive fundamentalism, with faith in that type of evolution which is the philosophy and gospel of growth.-Adolf Meyer, Mental Hygiene, IX (October, 1925), 673-85. (IX, 3.) E. R. R.

X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL

SCIENCES

Dilthey's Methodology of the Geisteswissenschaften (Mental Sciences).— Dilthey insisted on the historical approach, mastery of large masses of knowledge in various fields, recognition of the organic unity (Strukturzusammenhang) of man, the existence of individuals only in groups, in each of which they have a double relationship (to something general, and among each other), and experience and concept (Erlebnis und Begriff) as functions. Though differing in fundamental points, the systems of Dilthey and Koffka both start with a synthesis, their fundamental concepts, unity and configuration (Struktur and Gestalt) tend to expand, and their parts "have meaning for the whole in which they occur."-Bonno Tapper, Philosophical Review, XXXIV (July, 1925), 333–49. (X, 1, 2.) P. B. B.

Sozialpolitik.-The word Sozialpolitik is an abstract, compound noun peculiar to the German language; it cannot be accurately translated. Historically it has not been a scientific term, but the slogan of a loosely articulated propagandist group.

The term has been defined by various German writers to mean (1) the mobilization of a common will for the correction of defects in the social order supposed to be obvious; (2) a more or less definite program for the legislative improvement of the social order, particularly for the greater equalization of the distribution of income; (3) a program of social reform, to be distinguished from programs for the legislative reform of economic matters (Wirtschaftspolitik); (4) a program for the realization of some metaphysically defined social ideal, such as "justice," "social purpose," "social unity."

Sozialpolitik is related to labor law, economic science, political science, and philosophy; it is, however, to be distinguished from all these studies as most strictly defined. It is taught as a special subject in German universities, and its exponents have assembled a considerable body of systematized and universally valid knowledge. It is not a science in the strictest logical sense of the term.

During the period after the Great War the social-democratic forces came into political power, but under circumstances which rendered them powerless to carry out their cherished projects. The result has been a distinct political movement to the right. These events have led naturally to renewed discussion of underlying theoretic and doctrinaire issues; hence it has become customary to speak of a crisis in Sozialpolitik. Discussion culminated in a symposium in a number of German periodicals in April, 1923, and following months. The consensus seemed to lie with Herkner, who criticized the expression "crisis in Sozialpolitik" as misleading. He pointed out that Sozialpolitik represented no end in itself; it is concerned solely with the means of improving the conditions of life for the masses.-Leopold von Wiese, reprint from the Handwörterbuch der Staatwissenschaften, 4th ed., Bd. VII (1925), 612-22. (X, 2, 4.)

Mechanism and Vitalism: A Criticism of Loeb's "Regeneration."-Mechanism is an inadequate philosophical system. The work of Mme. Curie on radium and radio-activity, of Rutherford and Soddy on change of atoms in radiation, and Sir Norman Lockyer on spectral lines of the "hottest stars" leads back to the scholastic doctrine of matter and form; the single substratum of matter in the shape of atoms or electrons being maintained in a stable system by an inner energy.J. Albert Haldi, Monist, XXXV (October, 1925), 590–604. (X, 2, 3.) P. B. B.

The Value of Sociology.-The study of sociology has real cultural value, and it helps to prepare the students for effective citizenship. It promotes culture and has practical worth for life because it has a direct bearing on the conduct and problems of life. There are four important things that the study of sociology will do for the student: It will help him to enjoy life, prepare him for duty, give him a desire to participate intelligently in the world's work, and help him to render genuine social service.-R. A. Mackie, Science, LXIII (January 22, 1926), 93–94. (X, 4.) P. T.D.

Objectives of Geography Instruction.—The understanding of map symbolism and drill on "place geography" are important, but should be subordinated to the development of a sympathetic understanding of various peoples and of interest in economic, political, and social problems.-W. R. McConnell, Journal of Geography, XXIV (September, 1925), 203-12. (X, 5, 4.) P. B. B.

Geography as a Social Science in the Junior High School.-Geography instruction must be based on genuinely geographic material intimately related with human activities and interesting to children, with the introduction of new materials and viewpoint and realignment of old material in the later years, and "must contribute to producing effective citizenship." Contrast of the needs and wants of contemporary and primitive man should be followed by detailed study of one subject to demonstrate human relationship of geography.-George J. Miller, Educational Review, LXX (November, 1925), 213-18, reprinted, Journal of Geography, XXIV (December, 1925), 341-49. (X, 5.) P. B. B.

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