spend even as much money as they receive." It is novel to have an economic treatise challenge the platitudinous arguments for thrift. "Savings in capital facilities beyond those which are required to satisfy consumer demand are worse than wasted." "For society a penny saved is sometimes a penny lost."

Unfortunately, the authors do not attempt to advance any solution. The nearest they come to it is to suggest that just as we now have created a device to provide money for production, so we must create a mechanism for supplying additional money for consumption. But how is this to be done? The reader is left to speculate according to his own pet hobby or lack of hobby.

It is refreshing to find a volume which is so clearly and interestingly written. Whatever may be its defects, the authors have done us all a service by challenging accepted economic theory in a careful and wellreasoned attack. At present the book will tend to reinforce the viewpoint of the radical socialists and communists, as well as of other advocates of a co-operative social order, that sooner or later our present economic order must be displaced.

YALE UNIVERSITY

JEROME DAVIS

The Mentality of Apes. By WOLFGANG KÖHLER, Professor of Philosophy in the University of Berlin. Translated from the 2d revised ed. by ELLA WINTER. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., Inc., 1925. Pp. viii+342. $4.50.

Nature and Development of Learning Capacity. By WILLIAM HENRY PYLE. Baltimore: Warwick & York, Inc., 1925. Pp.

122.

The Emotions, Morality, and the Brain. By C. v. MONAKOW, of Zurich. Translated by GERTRUDE BARNES and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE. Washington and New York: Nervous and Mental Diseases Publishing Co., 1925. Pp. 95. $2.00.

Köhler has produced one of the most valuable and interesting books on animal psychology so far written. Perhaps we should say that it, even more than the work of Yerkes, marks the beginning of a reaction against the school of psychologists who found the higher animals completely lacking in intelligence and inventiveness. Köhler has worked primarily with chimpanzees, hence his results are more striking than those

obtained by experimenters who have used less intelligent types of apes. The book records in an interesting way numerous experiments of the "qualitative," rather than of the "quantitative," type intended to show just what the chimpanzee can do. That he manifests intelligence of the same order (in less degree) as that of man seems unquestionable. He approaches human intelligence more closely in degree than in range, for he appears to be limited in his power to grasp visual and behavior forms. But he possesses definitely this power to perceive form and relations of objects and to control objects through these perceptions. Thus he is inventive, within limits and on an empirical basis. His lack of ability to form definite complex images and to use language proves to be his chief handicap. The latter limitation shows up especially in his poverty in cooperation in the control of his adaptation to environment. The author seems to have proved that the chimpanzee is able to imitate simple acts which he has learned to perceive, and that he can suddenly integrate fairly complex cortical behavior patterns. These are human types of intelligence.

Pyle has published, in one small, compact volume, the results of several years of testing the learning power of Negro, white, Indian, Chinese, and rural children, and of boys as compared with that of girls. His results agree essentially with those obtained by other testers using other methods. One of the distinctive things about the book is the detailed analyses of the types of tests developed by Dr. Pyle, including his manthanometer experiment. Another is his own particular theory of learning. While these tests are of only secondary interest to sociologists as such, they are nevertheless good object-lessons in careful technique. Dr. Pyle is more guarded than some of the testers in committing himself on the question of the inherited and acquired nature of the learning ability disclosed. Also he does not hesitate to point out inadequacies of the tests to reach the heart of the matter at issue.

Allowing for a reasonable amount of verbal confusion and domination by the cruder forms of the older biological tradition, Monakow has a decidedly modern theory of emotions. He defines emotion as "a physiologico-biological process (a tension seeking release)" which may manifest itself through "unconscious wishes," urges, and voluntary trends. He has some metaphysical twaddle about every cell's carrying an impulse for "a constant blind striving toward some goal useful for the individual in some direction or other." This blind striving later becomes conscious striving in men. Emotions are somatic (largely instinctive and serving

vital functions) and psychic (largely acquired and serving more or less cultural ends). He attempts to show how the psychic emotions are organized into the scheme of a human world-pattern. The valuable parts of this theory of emotion have been stated elsewhere, but those who like difficult mental exercise will find this small volume exhilarating, thanks partly to the translators.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

L. L. BERNARD

The Fruit of the Family Tree. By ALBERT EDWARD WIGGAM. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill Co., 1924. Pp. 390.

The New Age of Faith. By JOHN LANGDON-DAVIES. New York: Viking Press, 1925. Pp. 255. $2.50 net.

Books like Mr. Wiggam's The Fruit of the Family Tree arouse in one a longing for the invention of some safe and sane contraceptive device in the interest of literary birth control. By this it is not meant to suggest that there is no legitimate place for books which propose to set forth in a popular and readable manner the facts and theories of any given science. The writings of Slosson in the field of chemistry, and the classic exposition of the principles of biology by Huxley, occur at once as illustrations of how well this sort of thing can be done when scientific training and accuracy are father to the thought. In The Fruit of the Family Tree the author seeks to present in a dramatic and readable manner those findings of biological science relating to heredity and eugenics which "have passed the gauntlet of scientific criticism." Like the March Hare he boldly declares, "This is the very best butter." And the answer is that even the very best biological butter sometimes doesn't suit the works. Especially is this true when the butter turns out to be a little rancid, and when it is spread too thick. To speak plainly and to the point, not only are the simple principles of Mendelian inheritance, with its theories of ratios, unit characters, determiners, etc., about which the author writes with such assurance now outmoded (see the work of Jennings, Morgan, Spemann), but the generalizations about human heredity which he sets up in so cavalier a manner have no foundation whatever in the science which he seeks to expound. (See his conclusions about the inheritance of mathematical ability, energy, poverty, intelligence, etc.) Slightly altering the reviewer's usual formula, one may say by way of summary: "This is a book which every social scientist can afford to be without." But having said this, one may hasten to amend it. That

is, at least Mr. Wiggam's biological bombast serves the amusing purpose of providing a foil for Mr. John Langdon-Davies. It is just such fish as the Messrs. Wiggam, Stoddard, McDougall, Grant, Chamberlain, et al., which this young Englishman serves up so nicely browned on both sides. in his The New Age of Faith. In this book Mr. Langdon-Davies is occupied in the highly amusing indoor sport of scientific de-bunking. The race fiends, the heredity fiends, the Jukes, and the Edwards, the naughty Nordics, eugenics, Bryanism, progress all the current fads dressed out in the borrowed plumage of science-come in for a few resounding whacks. Mr. Langdon-Davies has performed a signal service. His book is an excellent demonstration of the chastening effect of placing what we know cheek by jowl with what we would like to believe.

EYLER NEWTON SIMPSON

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Diagnosing the Rural Church: A Study in Method. By C. LUTHER FRY. New York: George H. Doran Co., 1924. Pp. xxvi+234. $1.50.

Empty Churches: The Rural-Urban Dilemma. By CHARLES JoSIAH GALPIN. New York: The Century Co., 1925. Pp. x+ 150. $1.00.

A New Day for the Country Church. By ROLVIX HARLAN, PH.D. Nashville, Tennessee: Cokesbury Press, 1925. Pp. viii+166. $1.25.

Diagnosing the Rural Church is a comparative study of Protestant churches in rural areas. It is an effort to define "trends." By "trends" the author means a formulation for social life which would compare with the "laws" of the physical phenomena. The raw material was collected by the Interchurch World Movement in 1920, and by Gill and Pinchot in The Country Church, a study of Windsor County, Vermont. The units of comparison are communal rather than administrative. This has made the task more difficult, because the census is on the basis of formal units. As a basis for determining the interest which people have in the church, the author uses as an index unit contributions of time rather than money. The measurement of "intangible spiritual factors" is a problem in methodology, which the author seeks to solve in the customary way of dealing with subjective phenomena, namely, finding objective indices with which they are correlated. That is the way we measure heat, cold, and time.

The methods are obviously excellent. The question is whether, however, in all this expenditure of statistics, the author has done more than elaborate facts that would be perfectly obvious to the intelligent observer.

Galpin's Empty Churches is not, as the author frankly says, a report of facts, but only an interpretation of them. In a very real sense, however, this book does present the essential facts in the intimate stories which it records of family life. The problem of the rural churches is the problem of distribution. Because of improper distribution thousands of country children are uncared for religiously. Rural churches should be distributed on the basis of need rather than competition, and the rural ministry should be trained in rural theological seminaries located near the great colleges of agriculture.

Rolvix Harlan writes as an evangelist of the country-life movement, and as one who has abounding hope in the rural church. His book is a manual setting forth the objectives, the programs, and the administrative devices for carrying on effective church work in the rural community. S. C. KINCHELOE

CHICAGO Y.M.C.A. COLLEGE

The Mythology of All Races. Vol. VII. Armenian, by MARDIROS H. ANANIKIAN; African, by ALICE WERNER. Boston: Marshall Jones Co., 1925. Pp. viii+448. $8.00.

This is the latest contribution to that excellent series of volumes which aims to collect the world's mythology. Professor Ananikian has written a brief account of the mythology of his own people. The author's task has been largely to determine the religious customs and beliefs of the early Armenians from an examination of the early chronicles. The material from these sources is supplemented only to a slight extent by material drawn from modern Armenian folk-lore. There are very few folk-tales stories told merely for entertainment. The author devotes his attention to describing and identifying the deities and supernatural personages about whom the myths were told. He finds the Armenian mythology a conglomerate of native (North Indo-European) elements with many Persian contributions, together with a slight Semitic admixture. On the whole the mythology is not very different from that of our own tradition. Here are myths and customs clustering about fire and water, dragons and dragon-slaying heroes, nymphs, demons, and dwarfs.

The myths in Professor Werner's collection, on the other hand, were taken down from the mouths of the people who told them. As the volume