Goals in Social Work. We must not measure the value of service by the amount of money spent in charitable enterprises. Often it is just the reverse. No human soul can be relieved of its own responsibility. Our ultimate goal is to clear away all obstacles so that every individual may have the fullest development of body, mind, and soul.-Lawson Purdy, Family, VI (October, 1925), 184–87. (VI, 6.) E. R. R. Children's Institutions: Principles.-The institution as a substitute for the real home should be modeled as nearly as possible upon the family unit. The fundamental principles upon which an institution should be administered are: (1) Love for kindred, fellows, environment, the true and the beautiful and God. (2) Natural and moral law. (3) Exercise, imaginative and game plays. (4) Work. (5) Full and unlimited education.-R. R. Reeder, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 92–97. (VI, 7.) P.E.M. A Double-Barreled Social Agency: The Boy Scouts of America.-Leadership based on volunteer service and co-operation with existing organizations are fundamental principles upon which the Boy Scout Movement is based. The range of occupations and ages of the workers points to the value of the movement to the workers and the community as well as to the boys themselves.-E. S. Martin, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 94-97. (VI, 7.) VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS P.E. M. Cotton-Cloth: A Type Study of the Social Process.-The cultivation and manufacture of cotton is a clear illustration of the development of "individualism, socialism, humanism." The making of cotton cloth developed from individual production for family use to mass production. Increased demand was followed by numerous inventions which increased production and resulted in division of interest and specialization.-Mary O. Cowper, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 169–74. (VII, 1.) P.E. M. The Emergence of Factory Labor.-The modern factory worker has passed through the positions of slave, serf, and free artisan to his present stage of independence. He has the right to contract freely, occupies a high position and constitutes an economic power of great magnitude.-Walter J. Matherly, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 175–83. (VII, 1.) P.E. M. The Trend in Religious Thought.-Today the discussion of religion and religious claims is deeply affected and colored by the general fashions and tendencies of the time. Religious thinkers desire to be as up-to-date as the men of exact science, and nothing modern is foreign to them. Examples of the modern trend can be found in the works of Martin, Patten, Cabot, Mathews, and others.-Victor S. Yarros, Open Court, XXXIX (September, 1925), 554-63. (VII, 2.) P.T.D. Progress in Religion.—In the later half of the last century the intellectual interests of western civilization brought to birth the science of comparative religion. From the World's Parliament of Religions, which was held at the Chicago Exhibition in 1893 sprang the International Congresses of the History of Religions. The aim of these conferences today is a better understanding of each and every religion and a co-operation of all of them.-Julian Huxley, Sociological Review, XVII (October, 1925), 255-58. (VII, 2.) P.T.D. The Way to Truth and Unity.-Confusion and disorder is very dominant in the religions of mankind and perhaps truth and unity will be approached through a revolution analogous to those that took place in the natural sciences. Real orderly progress has only been made when men asserted their freedom of thought and action, turned from mere custom and from the reiteration of opinions found in books and popular tradition and began to study nature itself. In religion we need likewise the abandonment of dogmatism for freedom.-A. G. Widgery, Sociological Review, XVII (October, 1925), 259–63. (VII, 2.) P.T.D. 1 The Hall of Vision.-The different modes of approach to religious unity are through travel, biology, economics and anthropology, history, psychology and civics, humanist scholarship, and sociology. At the Conference of Living Religions an exhibition was arranged to illustrate concretely and visually these different modes of approach of religious unison. To purify, ennoble, enrich, our world within we need all the resources of religion, poetry, and learning; and to remake our world without into a fit home for humanity we need all the resources of science, art, and industry and, above all, we need continuity and persistence in quest of that unity between inner and outer which has inspired all the great religious founders.-Victor Branford, Sociological Review, XVII (October, 1925), 264–88. (VII, 2.) P.T.D. Why Schooling Costs So Much.-Schools cost more than formerly because we are now providing education for all ages and because we are not trying to teach a few infants the three R's but are preparing the whole people for living. Schools cost so much because our people believe in education as the only panacea for all ills to which flesh and spirit are heir; and we are unloading upon the educational expense account the cost of the whole business of civilization necessary for the operation of democracy.-Frederick Burk, Survey, LIV (September 1, 1925), 557-60. (VII, 2.) E. R. R. The Decline of the Political Editorial.-Political editorials are declining in influence and numbers. The reasons for the decline are found in the lack of sufficient knowledge by the people to form an intelligent opinion about political matters, the tendency to be pro or anti in politics, disillusionment about politics and distrust of the press. Marshall D. Beuick, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 156–62. (VII, 3.) P. E. M. New Attitude towards Race Problem in the South.-The new attitude toward race problem in the south demands that the facts be known. In consequence, facts relevant to race problems are presented with such finality today that the attitude in the south toward the negro has far less of prejudice, far more of reason, far less of ignorance, far more of intelligent discussion, far more of co-operative spirit, and far less of antagonistic effort. Charles D. Johnson, Social Science, I (November, 1925), 22-25. (VII, 4; IV, 2.) P.T.D. Les Causes Historiques du Bouleversement de la Russie (The Historical Causes of the Overthrow of Russia).—The causes which have led to the final overthrow of the old government of Russia can be traced to property and the misuse of power. The domination finally became so unbearable that revolutions were the result with the climax in the revolution which took place during the world-war. Today, communism is the form of government but due to lack of organization and the loss of many of the most desirable people they still lack a solid foundation on which to build their government.-A. Suligowski, La Réforme Sociale, LXXXV (September, October, 1925), 527-49. (VII, 4.) P.T.D. VIII. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION The Relation of Mental Age to Industrial Efficiency of a Group of Mental Defectives.—Institutional occupations furnish a wide range of tasks suited to abilities that range from mental age 2.8 to mental age 12. The quality of the work done, in general, shows an increase with increasing mental age. Correlations for the whole group show a positive relationship between mental age and industrial efficiency.— Maud A. Merrill, Journal of Delinquency, IX (May, 1925), 83-104. (VIII, 1; IX, 2.) E. R. R. Research on the Diagnosis of Pre-Delinquent Tendencies.-Delinquency is less often associated with intellectual defect than was believed a decade ago to be the case. Research must be carried into the field of emotional and personality traits if we would develop methods by which delinquent tendencies may be recognized before the individual comes into serious conflict with the law. The studies of Voelker, Cady, Raubenheimer, Laslett, and Wyman are among those which are opening a new chap ter in the history of mental testing-the testing of personality, emotions, and character.-Lewis M. Terman, Journal of Delinquency, IX (July, 1925), 124–30. (VIII, 1.) E. R. R. Our Intellectually Disinherited. Not all families dependent on charity are characterized by degraded, socially pathological conditions, and many of them realize the advantages of education. Material poverty produces mental and spiritual poverty, results in loss of educational enthusiasm, produces physical handicap and illness, and retards the individual through absence of stimulus. This chain should be broken and training provided commensurate with ability.-Ralph R. Holben, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 84–91. (VIII, 1.) P.E. M. Crime and Sentimentality.-Crime has been viewed sentimentally, and far more interest is shown in the criminals than in their victims. There is a distinct criminal caste in which crime is hereditary. These habitual offenders sometimes reform but no reform society can effect such a change, for it is always the result of volition on the part of the criminal.-James L. Ford, Scribner's Magazine, LXXVIII (October, 1925), 407-11. (VIII, 1.) P. E. M. Case Work for Quasi-Delinquent Children by Educational and Other NonCourt Agencies.-The replies to a questionnaire sent to various educational agencies shows the degree to which they are using the lessons learned from the juvenile court. -Thomas D. Eliot, Journal of Delinquency, IX (January-March, 1925), 1–50. (VIII, 1.) E. R. R. Will the French Race Become Extinct?—The almost stationary population of France, and Germany's actual and potential superiority in man power makes the French apprehensive as to the future. In 1789 France had a population greater than was possessed by any other European country. Today France is fifth in population, lowest in the scale of excess of births over deaths and second lowest in births per thousand. With the low birth-rate and the immigration of foreigners into France, France not only confronts depopulation but denationalization as well.-H. G. Willard, Scientific Monthly, XXI (December, 1925), 591–99. (VIII, 2.) P.T.D. Points in Preventive Psychiatry.—The frequency of syphilis as a causative factor of mental disease makes its prevention a practical matter of preventive psychiatry. If poisons which act upon the nervous system could be eliminated, a further step in the direction of prevention would be taken. Arterio-sclerosis, which is becoming more frequent as other causes of death are reduced, is also of importance. More especially, however, may the incidence of mental disease be reduced by avoiding those conditions which cause changes in and disorganization of personality. Prevention of this type would include early efforts toward the socialization of the child, aid and advice in the difficult period of adolescence, and the like. Finally, eugenics offers the most important, even though it may be least practicable, means of eliminating mental disorders which are due to hereditary predispositions.-Edward A. Strecker, The Nation's Health, VII (June, 1925), 387–90. (VIII, 2, 4.) E. R. R. Genetics Applied to Man Gives Basis for Eugenic Rules.-The principles of genetics, including Mendelism, which have been worked out on animals and plants apply to man with but few exceptions. Eugenics aims to apply these rules to the betterment of the race, and thus prevent the present tendency towards degeneration. -William S. Sadler, The Nation's Health, VII (August, 1925), 536-38. (VIII, 2.) E. R. R. Illusions sur la Depopulation (Fallacies on Depopulation).—The depopulation of France is due to many things, according to various opinions in France. One says it's due to low birth-rate, another to war, and others to various other causes. All, no doubt, have something to do with the depopulation, but what is wanted now is an increase in population which can be reached and maintained when three children are raised to each family. This can be greatly assisted by the state through family aid. Jean Bourdon, Revue Politique et Parlementaire, CXXIV (September, 1925), 415-23. (VIII, 2.) P.T.D. Team Work Is a Vital Factor in Treatment of Child Behavior.-"And whether one member suffer, all the members suffer with it" (I Cor. 12:26), is no less true today than it was when written, but only recently has its real significance been understood. If all the members suffer it follows that the treatment must be directed toward the cure of all. For this reason medical and social workers are coming together in closer co-operation when dealing with their patients, the result being that team-work has opened new methods of dealing with abnormal conditions. This new co-operation has been of special value in cases of delinquent children.-Thomas D. Eliot, The Nation's Health, VII (August, 1925), 527-28. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Clinical Demonstrations of Mental Disorders from the Point of View of Psychopathology and Internal Medicine.-A series of clinics was held for medical students, stressing the common ground of psychiatry and internal medicine. The relation of psychiatry and internal medicine is important, but suffers from serious limitations in practice at present, as regards the understanding of etiology and the methods of treatment.-F. I. Werthmeimer and R. S. Lyman, Mental Hygiene, IX (April, 1925), 360-86. (VIII, 4.) IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION E. R. R. Preliminary Report of a Study of the Mechanical Ability of Delinquent Boys of the Los Angeles Juvenile Court, 1924.-The results obtained with the Mechanical Assembly Test indicate that there is a type of boy of energetic nature possessed of marked intelligence of a sort tending to find expression in manual rather than lingual directions. If every boy in school, especially the problem boy, could be tested for this ability and then given mechanical training where desirable, the potential delinquent might in many cases be diverted into paths of useful occupation.-Mabel R. Jessup, Journal of Delinquency, IX (May, 1925), 105–16. (IX, 2; VIII, 1.) E. R. R. Technique of Differential Mental Diagnosis.-The mental age and intelligent quotient are valuable adjuncts in the study of cases in the psychological clinic, but are many times inadequate in the solution of the problem. Special techniques are necessary. The clinical problem presented by a case often differs from the problem as stated by the teachers or parents who refer the child to the clinic.-Mervin A. Durea, Journal of Delinquency, IX (July, 1925), 143–53. (IX, 2.) E. R. R. A Proposed Program of Research for Kindergarten and Primary Education.If kindergarten-primary education is to be continued to lead progressive educational movements on a safe scientific basis, there must be provided a program of research directed by experts and controlled and supported by a national or international body of nursery, kindergarten-primary educators.-Ethel Imogene Salisbury, Journal of Delinquency, IX (July, 1925), 154-55. (IX, 3; VII, 2.) E. R. R. Facts versus Principle.-The prevailing tendency among economists is to scorn principles and exalt facts. Today is a day of special studies in selected fields and the real task of research is to garner all the available facts, present them in some sort of an understandable fashion, and draw such conclusions as can safely be made from the data. Facts in themselves are worth something, the ancient way of using them is wrong.-I. Lippincott, Social Science, I (November, 1925), 13–17. (IX, 4.) P.T.D. X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Representative Biological Theories of Society. II "Social Darwinism" (continued).-Gumplowicz believes in parallelism between biological and social evolution and that the struggle of races, states, and social groups must continue without termination or mitigation. Not another theorist accepts these doctrines but most agree on and believe in the transformation of conflict into alliance and co-operation which seem to be a function in social evolution. Novicow was one of the greatest critics of "Social Darwinism," he constantly advanced antimilitaristic doctrines and attacked the "blood-and-iron" policy. Novicow's basic thesis is that the course of human evolution has been characterized by struggles and alliances which have successively been primarily physiological economic, political, and intellectual.-H. E. Barnes, Sociological Review, XVII (October, 1925), 294-300. (X, 1, 5.) P.T.D. The Concept "Social": A Critical Note.-If the term "social" be equivalent to collective, it does not distinguish between organic and superorganic factors in human behavior. If "social" be equivalent to cultural the distinction between individual and collective is lost, for cultural behavior may be either.-Leslie A. White, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 72–74. (X, 2.) P. E. M. Social Pattern: A Methodological Study. The persons in a society respond to the patterns of behavior of that society, and this behavior can be accounted for on the basis of a study of the cultural elements which have combined to make the patterns, and the ways in which they have been combined by a society through its historical experience. Fewer wives of men in the occupations which are more lucrative and provide steadier employment work than wives of men whose occupations are lower in the economic and social scale.-Melville J. Herskovits, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 57–69. (X, 2; IX, 2.) P.E. M. Looking Back at Malthus.-Besides cataloguing data and suggesting alternatives in contradiction to the metaphorical statement of Malthus' thesis of the increase ratios of food and population, the writer suggests that statistical comparisons should be by proportionate spans of the total history of phenomena rather than by identical periods of time.-Mark Jefferson, Geographical Review, XV (April, 1925), 177–89. (X, 3.) P. B. B. Economics as a Social Philosophy.-After reviewing the history of economic thought and the controversy over economic value, the writer finds in the attention to motives other than gain and to ethical considerations "a modern trend to consider economics as one aspect of behavior."-Everett W. Goodhue, International Journal of Ethics, XXXVI (October, 1925), 54–70. (X, 3.) P. B. B. Co-operation as an Equalitarian Sanction.-Co-operation is a sine quae non of life, is more compelling in common danger and when an active reality "has historically categorized itself under the concept of equality," and "equality, when seen prospectively to be desirable, has justified and does justify itself by . . . . values of cooperation." Intermarriage ordinarily indicates an equalitarian attitude.-T. V. Smith, International Journal of Ethics, XXXVI (October, 1925), 31–53. (X, 4.) P.B.B. The Teaching of Sociology.-Danger lies in following the text too closely, making the course too easy, and preaching. The acceptance of unproved generalities, reliance on materials in other fields which are not conclusive, and overlapping allied subjects should be avoided. The text should be supplemented by abundant library materials, or a book of readings be used. Frederick G. Detweiler, Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 69–70. (X, 6.) P.E. M. The Teaching of Sociology in the South.-Three outstanding problems are: The proper combinations of sociology and the other social sciences so that majors in social science may be offered in every southern institution. Popularization of sociology so that full-time specialists will be provided in each of the social sciences. Types of courses and methods of presentation most profitable for southern students.-T. J. Woofter, Jr., Social Forces, IV (September, 1925), 71–72. (X, 6, 5.) P.E. M. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayscough, Florence. A Chinese Mirror. Boston: Houghton. Pp. 464. Map. $5.00. Bagley, W. C. Determinism in Educa tion. Baltimore: Warwick & York. Pp. 194. Bibliographical footnotes. $2.20. Baketel, O. S. (editor). The Methodist |