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Other island natives thus considered altogether uncontrolled socially in their early sex practices, because of their having no instituted taboo making for premarital continence, are, the Tongas, the Marquises,87 the New Marquisas,88 the Marshall Islanders,8 the Madison Islanders,00 the Hawaiians,"1 the Malagasy," the Hovas, 93 the Betsimisaraka and Bara95 natives of Madagascar, the Maori9 (especially the Tuhoe" tribes) of New Zealand, and the natives of North Queensland.98

94

99

In addition to these peoples and tribes may be added the Wotjäks of Southern Russia; " the Reindeer Chukchee,' 100 the Yakuts, 101 the Kamchadal102 and the Yukaghir natives,103 in Siberia; the Navago tribes of Mexico,10 the Guaicuris and Cochimis of New Mexico,105 the Pericus Indians of Lower California and New Mex

86

Wm. Mariner, An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands, II, 174.

87 Dr. Tautain, "Etude sur le mariage chez les Polynesiens des iles Marquises,"

in L'Anthropologie, VI, 64; also F. W. Christian, Eastern Pacific Lands, IX, 95.

88

8 G. H. von Langsdorf, Voyages and Travels in Various Parts of the World,

II, 152.

89

'J. Kohler, "Das Recht der Marschallinsuläner," in Zeitsch. f. vergl. Rechtswissen, XIV, 417.

"D. Porter, Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean, II, 59.

91

1 J. J. Jarves, History of Hawaiian Islands from the Earliest Traditionary Pe

riod to the Year 1848, XVIII, 42.

"2 W. Ellis, History of Madagascar, II, 138.

93 J. Sibree, op. cit., p. 252.

"Ibid., loc. cit.

"Ibid., loc. cit.

"E. Best, "Maori Marriage Customs," in Trans. and Proceed. New Zealand Inst., XXXVI, 32; E. Tregear, The Maori Race, p. 284; E. Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand, II, 40; W. Gisborne, The Colony of New Zealand, p. 27.

"E. Best, op. cit., p. 33.

98

" W. E. Roth, "Notes on Government, Morals, and Crime," in North Queens

land Ethnography, Bulletin No. 8, p. 7.

"M. Buch, Die Wotjäken, p. 45.

109

"W. Bogoras, "The Chukchee," in Pub. Jesup N. Pa. Esp., VII, 572.

101

W. G. Sumner, "The Yakuts" (From the Russian of Sieroshewski), in Jour.

Anthr. Inst., XXXI, 96.

103

103

'W. Jochelson, "The Koryak," in Pub. Jesup N. Pa. Exp., VI, 733.

W. Jochelson, "The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungas,” in Pub. Jesup N. Pa. Exp., IX, Part I, 62.

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108

ico, 106 the Huichal Indians of Texas,107 the Kodiaks of Alaska," the Araucanos Indians of Southern Chile,109 the Joint Bay Eskimos, ,110 the Hudson Bay Eskimos, the Korak Indians of California,112 and the Northern California Indians,

114

111

including both

the Koniagas111 and the Tacullies115 of the Hyperboreans.

Among these tribes children for the most part begin their sexual practices long before puberty,116 girls and boys being encouraged in their mwaygini kwayta as the Melanesians call their "copulation amusement, "117 from the earliest age. Among the Pangwe negroes north and west of the Ivindo River, West Africa, children only five and six years old, without any condemnation whatsoever, already imitate the sexual life of their parents and play "intercourse."118 Among the Boloki "it is impossible to find a virgin above five years of age. "119 Azimba Land children play "keeping house" before puberty.120 Lake Nyasa boys and girls play at being man and wife before puberty.121 Bakongo parents encourage their girls in their sex play long before puberty, "as it showed that they had proper desires, and later in life they would bear children,"122

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109

G. H. von Lansdorf, op. cit., II, 236.

R. E. Latcham, "Ethnology of the Araucanos," in Jour. Anthr. Inst., XXXIX, 354.

110

11o J. Murdock, “Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition,” in Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethn., IX, 418.

"L. M. Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District," in Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethn., XI, 189. See also W. E. Parry, Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage, p. 529.

112 S. Powers, Tribes of California, pp. 22, 157.

113 H. H. Bancroft, op. cit., I, 351.

114 Ibid., I, 81.

115 Ibid., I, 123.

116 H. C. Angus, op. cit., p. 480; H. S. Stannus, op. cit., p. 309; J. Murdock, op. cit., p. 418; B. Malinowski, "Psychoanalysis and Anthropology," in Psyche, IV, 318; W. Jochelson, op. cit., p. 68; E. W. Smith and A. M. Dale, op. cit., I, 38; H. H. Johnston, Uganda Protectorate, p. 824.

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and Ila-speaking natives regard their children's very early sexual practices "as preparation and training for what is man's and woman's chief business in life."128

The diversity and number of peoples that do not value premarital chastity may or may not be significant. But unless we confuse the fact of one specific social institution with the fact of a multiplicity of types, modes, institutions, impersonal yet no less real forms of social life,124 and in the absence of the former deny the presence of the latter, we cannot say that even a system of sexual promiscuity, wherever it exists, is not as truly a social as an individual matter of fact. That the presence of social control is an actual fact with such systems of sex life, among the aforementioned peoples, as with all forms of sex conduct, a study of even the rather scanty detailed observations now available in the reports of anthropologists and other observers of the life of these peoples will show.

Even if, to start with, we should consider social control as being no more than primarily some clearly defined institutional restrictions, these also are, as a matter of fact, invariably present among the tribes and peoples listed above. Human life is too much an organic whole, and the sex phase in it is too transcending and touches life in too many relations that the system of "freedom" of indulgence considered should be altogether without some clearly established limiting conditions, publicly enforced, altogether without some constraints that issue from other manifold implications.

The sexual "freedom" individuals have among these peoples is, in the first place, definitely limited and clearly restrained through taboos, wherever current, regarding exogamy and incest. These constitute fundamental and all-powerful social controls of the sex conduct of the boys and girls concerned. To a Tubetube,125 Wagawaga,128 Wamira,127 Wedan,128 or Gelaria boy, as to the other boys

123

E. W. Smith, and A. M. Dale, op. cit., II, 38.

124 C. H. Cooley, Social Organization, chaps. xviii and xix.

125

C. G. Seligmann, op. cit., p. 499.

128 Ibid.

127 Ibid.

128 Ibid.

and girls living among exogamous peoples, "the women of his clan are strictly taboo sexually for him."129 With all the promiscuity of the Pangwes, they must not cohabit with relations.130 It will never occur to a Masai native not to follow his tribal incest rules strict

ly.13

131 Kavirondo girls and boys of the same clan live in separate quarters, and, as the girls and boys of many other tribes, must not have sexual relations with each other.132

136

Some of these peoples have also a most pronounced brothersister taboo.133 Among the Tubetube, boys who have sisters sleep away from home to avoid being present134 when their sisters' lovers come to spend the night with them. And, among the Trobriands, while a girl's father may have sexual relations with her,135 though it is considered wrong to cohabit with the daughter of one's wife,1 brothers and sisters are kept stringently apart, not only in sexual intercourse,137 but as well in what might be ordinarily considered merely friendly relations.138 Indeed, a Trobriand Islander, deeming physical resemblance somehow a sign of sexual intimacy, will consider it an outrageous insult and especially degrading to be told that he in the slightest degree resembles his sister.180

The social restrictions upon the premarital promiscuity of boys and girls among some peoples, though just the reverse of a taboo against kindred, are nevertheless just as binding. While among many peoples a boy and girl will, as stated above, pass the night together only if they are of intermarrying clans, and not prevented from marrying by other special restrictions,11o Yukaghit girls, on G. Tessman, op. cit., p. 253.

129

131

B. Malinowski, op. cit., p. 315.

R. Lowie, Primitive Society, p. 50.

132 John Roscoe, The Northern Bantu, p. 281.

133

130

B. Malinowski, "The Psychology of Sex and the Foundation of Kinship," in Psyche, IV, 99.

134

135

C. G. Seligmann, op. cit., p. 502.

B. Malinowski, "Psychoanalysis and Anthropology," Psyche, IV, 327.

136

Ibid., p. 326.

137

B. Malinowski, "The Psychology of Sex, etc.," p. 125.

138

139

B. Malinowski, "Psychoanalysis and Anthropology," Psyche, IV, 298 ff.

B. Malinowski, "The Psychology of Sex, etc.," p. 126.

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144

the other hand, are free sexually only within the limits of their own territorial group.141 Thus, while Mortlock Island girls are only at liberty to have sexual relations with men belonging to other tribes,142 the Bengala,143 the Bhuiyars of Bengal,1** and the natives of other peoples and tribes may have relations with women of their own tribe and with no other. Such, likewise, is the restriction among the Nagas of Assam.145 Among these a girl's lovers are, it is specified, "all of her own family, no one of whom it would be possible for her to marry.' 97146

Then again, as already implied, the sexual promiscuity permitted has to contend with the institution of marriage universal among men.147 The promiscuity is for the most part specified to be the case only before marriage. In many tribes no youth, as a rule, may have sexual relations with a married woman, nor a wife with a young man not her husband. This is the social attitude among the Kavirondo,148 the Bateso,149 the Wanyamwezi,150 the natives of Azimba Land,151 and so on.

Among the Mailu natives both boy and girl are bound to keep chaste after they are betrothed.152 Though among the Koita and Motu the couple continue their sexual relations during the whole time of betrothal,153 and an Obubura Hill girl is permitted to have many lovers, even after she is engaged to be married,154 cohabitation is prohibited to the betrothed among the Naga tribes of Manipur, and is not permitted to the girl if she is betrothed, specifical

155

141

W. Jochelson, op. cit., p. 65.

142

"J. Kubary, op. cit., p. 252.

143 J. H. Weeks, "Anthropological Notes on the Bengala, etc.," in Jour. Anthr. Inst., XXXIX, 448.

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152

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B. Malinowski, "The Natives of Mailu," Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia,

XXXIX, 559.

153

154

C. G. Seligmann, op. cit., p. 76.

"B. Malinowski, "Baloma, the Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands," in Jour. Anthr. Inst., XLVI, 254.

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