only one phase of the cultural life, such as national sovereignty, the religious life, or the economic life. The agency carrying out the revolution may characterize it as a military, parliamentary, or mass revolution. Contrary to the Marxian notion, revolutions are not necessarily the work of any one class, nor are they historical and social necessities, but rather sociological accidents, meaning thereby events brought about by external circumstances acting upon a given social situation. Revolutions can be studied effectively only by means of the sociopsychological method. A mass revolution is to be conceived of as the means of setting free those impulses in human nature which in the course of normal social life are repressed. The notion that a revolution helps to give birth to new economic and social systems is erroneous, and could only be conceived by persons who overestimate the influence of external ordering upon social and cultural life.-Werner Sombart, Kölner Vierteljahrshefte für Soziologie, IV (Heft 1-2, 1924), 1–12. (VII, 4; IV, 1.) L. W. Der Radikalismus (Radicalism).-Radicalism implies the ability to take a clear-cut, unanimous attitude toward an objective, assuming a definite principle and drawing from it its inevitable consequences, regarding the objective as an absolute value and attempting to realize the end, which happens to be any sort of social ideal, with singleness of purpose regardless of all the obstacles that may obstruct the path. Radicalism is thus characterized by simplicity and activity. Radicalism is thus an attitude which is basically contradictory to the political attitude, which assumes opportunism and accommodation to varying situations. The radical attitude appeals not so much to the intellectualism and the rational judgment of the person as to his emotional nature. For this reason radicalism is characteristic of youth especially. It recruits its adherents from those social groups in which a feeling of resentment and the desire for emancipation from the condition producing this attitude is dominant. In the process of attempting to achieve his goal the radical may become estranged from the original principles with which he began the struggle. His goal may become an end in itself, regardless of the means and sacrifices involved and regardless of its inherent futility. In radicalism, compromise and revisionism are out of the question. The radical attitude is a fighting weapon of the first order, but in the moment of victory it fails to produce the organizing and constructive faculty which is essential to permanent social change.-Alfred Meusel, Kölner Vierteljahrshefte für Soziologie, IV (Heft 1-2, 1924), 44–68. (VII, 4; I, 4; IV, 1.) L. W. L'Evolution des Insects Sociaux.-The life of the social insects is very remarkable. It is determined almost exclusively by the reflexes, tropisms, and that which we may call the instincts. Different insects have different forms of social life, in which individuals in the group have definite kinds of work to perform, each in its place, time, and order. In tracing the life-cycle of the insects we have definite proof of evolution, and from individual action to group action we have the remarkable adjustment which again proves evolution.-W. M. Wheeler, Révue Scientifique, LXIII (August 22, 1925), 548-56. (VII, 4.) P.T.D. VIII. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY; PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Carriers of Criminality. The causes of crime are an organic predisposition, inherited or established in infancy, and conditions that create habits, such as public indifference to crime, pusillanimity in dealing with criminals, and the enactment of bad logic into law. Franklin H. Giddings, Journal of Applied Sociology, X (September-October, 1925), 1-5. (VIII, 1.) P.E. M. Reformers and Crime.-No one group of specialists can effectively cope with the problem of crime because there is no one cause of it. There is need for a re-examination of the entire foundation of the structure of criminal justice, not only by lawyers but by social philosophers, sociologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, heads of police departments, heads of penal and correctional institutions, and others.-S. Sheldon Glueck, New Republic, XLIV (September 23, 1925), 120-23. (VIII, 1; VI, 5.) P. E. M. The Improvement of Criminal Justice.-A body such as the National Crime Commission is not adapted to effect the necessary reorganization of the machinery of criminal justice. American public opinion does not at the present provide an atmosphere in which fundamental reforms obtain their indispensable nourishment, and those engaged in the administration of criminal justice are unwilling to have their own behavior systematically watched, recorded, and tested.-New Republic, XLIV (August 26, 1925), 4-6. (VIII, 1; VI, 5.) P. E. M. Mental Examination of Persons Accused of Crime.-Massachusetts law governing the mental examination of certain classes of persons accused of crime reduces to a minimum the trial of persons who, because of mental abnormality, can more wisely, cheaply, and speedily be disposed of without a formal trial. Mental examination is made a routine, scientific, unbiased procedure. The law makes for better understanding between the legal and medical professions on the vexed question of the criminal irresponsibility of the mentally ill.-S. Sheldon Glueck, American Review, III (May-June, 1925), 336–47. (VIII, 1, 4.) P.E. M. La Mutualité Maternelle.-A welfare league for mothers: The law of June 17, 1913, for the protection of mothers and infants can obtain its greatest effectiveness only through the co-operation of all the welfare societies. The "Mutualité Maternelle" should carry on its work in collaboration with hygienists and child welfare societies. The aim should be to save the country from depopulation by lessening infant mortality. The league should provide for prolonged periods of rest for the mother before and after childbirth, for periodic inspection of the sanitary condition of the home, and for instruction. It should be open to every woman in the country. -Paul Strauss, La Revue Philanthropique, XXVIII (June, 1925), 287–93. (VIII, 2,3.) A. M. L. The Land-Hunger Urge to War.-Movement, as a peaceful means of providing for human increase, has almost completely run its course. More efficient utilization of resources still holds out promise, but no amount of economic progress can provide for unlimited population increase. The only remaining avenue of escape lies in consciously and rationally regulating the increase of the group.-Henry Pratt Fairchild, Forum, LXXIV (September, 1925), 413-20. (VIII, 2.) P.E. M. Industrial Neuroses.-Shell-shock and industrial neuroses are similar phenomena, requiring for their study a knowledge of the physical and mental make-up of the patient. Conscious and "subconscious" desire for compensation is a complication which especially hinders recovery. The cases of fear neuroses as distinguished from hysterical neuroses are characteristically those of skilled workmen. Subjective complaints after apparent recovery are not necessarily indicative of malingering.— Michael Osnato, American Journal of Psychiatry, V (July, 1925), 117-31. (VIII, 3.) P. B. B. Camp Sanitation.-The advent of the summer camp for children and of the automobile camp has brought to the front the problem of camp sanitation. In the case of the vacation camp the character of the soil, the supply of water, the preparation of the food, and the disposal of waste must be given careful consideration. Similar matters must be considered in the case of the automobile camp, but are more difficult to regulate.-C. F. Kendall, American Journal of Public Health, XV (July, 1925), 583-89. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Mental Examinations of College Men.-Routine mental examinations can be advantageously applied to college students as a supplement to other mental and psychological studies. The proportion of college students suffering from personality disorders and functional nervous illness is large. These conditions appear to bear little relation to general physical health. The majority of students are interested in selfstudy and self-understanding.-Martin W. Peck, Mental Hygiene, IX (April, 1925), 282-99. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Management of Acute Mental-Hygiene Problems Found among College Men. -The college man is frequently confronted with a relatively acute emotional situa tion, one which he is unable to deal with intelligently. It is important to apply psychiatric principles to the solution of the problem. These needs are illustrated by cases which occurred at West Point.-Major Harry N. Kerns, Mental Hygiene, IX (April, 1925), 273–81. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. College Mental-Hygiene Problems.-The task of mental hygiene among college students is especially promising because the patients are in their formative period and their maladjustments are usually of a very recent origin. The cases that come before the psychiatrist are of three types: scholastic maladjustments; difficulties with a physical basis, which can be rectified by proper medical care and hygiene; and environmental and psychological difficulties.-Arthur H. Ruggles, Mental Hygiene, IX (April, 1925), 261–72. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Mental Hygiene and the College Student: Second Paper. Our present knowledge of the distribution of intelligence makes it evident that future progress is dependent upon adequate leadership by intellectually superior persons. This leadership will probably come from the colleges. If the colleges are to turn out leaders they must see to it that their graduates are mentally healthy. The task of directing and advising students so that they shall attain and maintain the desired condition of mental health requires specially trained psychiatrists. No other agency in the college is equipped to perform it.-Frankwood E. Williams, Mental Hygiene, IX (April, 1925), 225-60. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. A Mental-Hygiene Program for Colleges.-Studies of college students have shown that more than half of them have emotional difficulties that prevent them from realizing their highest possibilities, while fully 10 per cent have maladjustments serious enough to warp their lives and sometimes to lead to mental breakdowns. Many of these personality problems could be successfully solved by a program of mental hygiene carried out by a competent psychiatrist whose position should be that of student adviser.-Smiley Blanton, Mental Hygiene, IX (July, 1925), 478– 88. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Mental Hygiene and Personality Guidance in Colleges.-There are in our colleges a considerable number of students who are confronted with a host of more or less serious emotional problems. The medical personnel of the institution is usually unversed in psychiatry and unable to give aid; the academic departments of psychology lack the clinical training; the deans form a part of the disciplinary machinery, and are therefore unavailable; and the religious organizations rely upon the old methods of repression when direction and education are needed. Some special advisory system which employs modern psychiatric methods is needed.-Kimball Young, Mental Hygiene, IX (July, 1925), 489–501. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Social Hygiene and Public Health.-The various sources of information with respect to venereal diseases lead to the conclusion that the incidence over the country at large is in the neighborhood of 10 per cent, being somewhat higher in the cities than in the rural areas. The figures recorded by health departments have shown a rather consistent increase since the war, but it is probable that this increase reflects better co-operation on the part of physicians in reporting these cases to the state boards of health, rather than an actual increase in the prevalence of venereal infections. Social agencies can be of great service in encouraging more complete and thorough reports of these diseases.-Lee K. Frankel, Journal of Social Hygiene, XI (April, 1925), 210-14. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Die Eigenart der Heimlosen (The Social Type of the Homeless Man).-The homeless man differs from the ordinary citizen in that his group relations are less binding and of a more fleeting sort. He may be a seasonal worker or he may belong to the privileged classes. As a person he finds himself excluded from the ordinary social life of the larger group. He may become an outcast and may even engage in revolutionary activity. He is free from the ordinary responsibilities of sessile and permanent social ties. The homeless man is very closely related to the bohemian. If the homeless man differs from the ordinary citizen in that the former is propertyless, he is akin to the bohemian in that both are free from the ordinary ties of conventional life and both are dominated by the wish for new experience, thrill, and adventure. The bohemian is, on the whole, a more stable type than the hobo, since the former is generally tied to a locality and thus is less mobile. The bohemian recognizes leadership in the group, while the hobo finds himself in a social group which generally is unorganized and has no place for the leader. The homeless man may be closely related to the criminal. His mobility and lack of status in the dominant social group frees him from the restraints to which the ordinary citizen is constantly subjected. This accounts for the fact that a great proportion of the criminal population is recruited from the hobo and homeless groups.-Hanna Meuter, Kölner Vierteljahrshefte für Soziologie, IV (Heft 1-2, 1924), 69–84. (VIII, 4; 1, 4; VIII, 1.) L. W. Social Case Work in Relation to the Mental Health of Immigrants.-The high frequency of mental diseases among the foreign-born and their children is becoming a pressing problem. There is a marked lack of information that would lead to the formulation of preventive measures. This insufficiency, due chiefly to the lack among social workers of understanding of the foreign-born and of mental hygiene, can be supplied only by systematic study of the material available from case studies. -Mary C. Jarrett, Mental Hygiene, IX (April, 1925), 346–59. (VIII, 4; III, 4.) E. R. R. Types and Characteristics of Drug Addicts.-Drug addicts are recruited almost exclusively from among persons who are neurotic, or who have some form of twisted personality, and who are highly susceptible to addiction because narcotics supply them with a form of adjustment of their difficulties. A very large proportion of addicts are fundamentally inebriates, and the inebriate addict is impelled to take narcotics by a motive similar to that which prompts the periodic drinker to take alcohol. Some drunkards are improved socially by abandoning alcohol for an opiate, but the change is merely a substitution of a lesser for a greater evil.-Lawrence Kolb, Mental Hygiene, IX (April, 1925), 300-13. (VIII, 4,5.) E. R. R. The Relation of Intelligence to the Etiology of Drug Addiction.-Two former studies of the relation of intelligence to drug addiction were made from inferior groups. Correlating social criterion with intelligence tests in his study, Mr. Kolb reduced the percentage of feeblemindedness. Other nervous symptoms seem to be more directly associated with drug addiction than relative intelligence.-Lawrence Kolb, American Journal of Psychiatry, V (July, 1925), 163–67. (VIII, 5.) P. B. B. IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The Random Sample.-The sample should be a complete unit. A random sample study of group activities involves consideration of all the activities and conditioning phenomena of each sample group, and not sample individuals within the sample group.-M. C. Elmer, Journal of Applied Sociology, IX (July-August, 1925), 422-24. (IX, 3.) P. E. M. Education and Training for Social Work.—A book review of James H. Tufts's study in Education and Training for Social Work. A short abstract forms the introduction of the article. Following, we have a discussion of Professor Tufts's five different methods of defining the field of social work, also a development and enlargement upon the introductory abstract.-Maurice J. Karpf, The Jewish Center, III (December, 1924), 17–22. (IX, 3.) P. T.D. The Impersonal Confession and Social Research.-Confession objectifies experience and reveals real attitudes. Personal confession to strangers and casual acquaintances supplies the conditions of impersonality, objectivity, and anonymity which enable the confessant to relieve his mind without sacrificing his self-respect.— Read Bain, Journal of Applied Sociology, IX (May-June, 1925), 356–61. (IX, 5.) P. E. M. X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES The Group and Society.-Class- and group-consciousness in general should be replaced by a truly social consciousness, for groups no more than individuals exist as ends in themselves apart from the rest of humanity, but as parts of humanity.— Charles A. Ellwood, Journal of Applied Sociology, IX (July-August, 1925), 401-3. (X, 2, 4.) P.E. M. The Promise of the Age We Live in.-A visitor from the past would judge ours the cleverest age in fitting together material things and using the forces of nature to multiply our own. Formerly impossible, the democratic, universalist, humane, or equalitarian ideal is accepted as even more of a moral and educational than as a political axiom. With Kant as our moral philosopher and an educational ideal from the evolutionary philosophy of the nineteenth century, the most critical advance of the age is the concept of continuity reinforced by the new union of science and history.-F. S. Marvin, Hibbert Journal, XXIII (July, 1925), 656–67. (X, 3.) P.B.B. La Critique et la Science Laïques.-During the middle of the nineteenth century the educated clergy increased their attack against science. Conflict continued between these critics and science, and increased with the interest shown in the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes and Darwin. Darwin's theory furnished a decisive refutation to Christian dogma; it advanced science in many ways and obliterated many old errors. As science advances, the secular critics seem to have become less numerous, and today science reigns where religious sentiment once held sway.-Georges Weill, Rev. Inter. de Sociologie, XXXIII (May-June, 1925), 265-86. (X, 3.) P. T. D. Économie Politique, Économie Sociale, et Sociology.-In economics it is the production, exchange, and the distribution of things which make them valuable; it is these things which present a measurable utility. Economics is now an art, a deliberate practice of a technique. This technique is divided into two parts: the political and the social. Both are closely related to sociology, for the laws of social facts furnish the means of revising the existing economic institutions and of creating new ones adapted to the cause.-A. Espinas, Révue Philosophique, XIXC (SeptemberOctober, 1925), 161–78. (X, 5.) P.T.D. The Relation of Social Work to Psychiatry.-Co-operation between psychiatrists and social workers would give the psychiatrist prompter contact with patients and would orient the social worker "about the materials with which she deals." An understanding of each others' fields is necessary for successful co-operation.-Ralph P. Truitt, American Journal of Psychiatry, V (July, 1925), 103-5. (X, 5.) P. B. B. Psychologie Pathologique et Sociology.-The study of mental maladies is impossible without psychology. Sociology is also brought into relationship to psychology and pathology. Throughout Durkheim's works we find great emphasis placed on the phrase réprésentations collective; later we have Tarde, with his laws of imitation, and finally we have Lévy-Bruhl, in his works again bringing out the réprésentation collective idea. However, M. Lévy-Bruhl's method is absolutely objective; it is when we have this objective method that research becomes scientific. It is in the study of man as a whole that sociology finally demands of psychology work that is complete and concrete.-G. Blondel, Journal de Psychologie, XXII (April, 1925), 326-59. (X, 5.) P.T.D. BIBLIOGRAPHY The Academy of Political Science, Columbia University. Popular Ownership of Property: Its Newer Forms and Social Consequences. Edited by William L. Ranson and Parker Thomas Moon. New York: The Academy of Political Science, Columbia University, |