La défense sociale universelle.-Universal Social Defense: Man can be a worldcitizen, surrounded by legal guarantees, capable of assuring individual universal defense only with social universal defense. Universal social life is a "judicial" life. It requires permanent adherence of every nation. Nationalism is contrary to this idea; it is antisocial, therefore universally criminal. The controlling spirit should be universal, ultra-nationalistic. Man should be citizen of the world. This social life requires the realization of a judicial entity above the national. This state should be not only international, but extranational, then supernational. It will provide for universal solidarity and justice; it will deal with international crime, all international and universal relations; and it will provide for individual defense in that it provides for universal defense.-Quintiliano Saldana, Revue Internationale de Sociologie, XXXIII (March-April, 1925), 145-74. (IV, 2.) A. M. L.

Enter the New Negro.-Today we have an entirely different negro. He is no more something to be argued about, condemned, or defended; to be kept down, or in his place, or helped up; to be worried with or worried over; harassed or patronized; a social bogey, or a social burden. Changes have occurred in every mode of life. Great changes have occurred due to the "toward the city" movement, and religious, economic, educational, and democratic movements. The negro of today wishes to be known for what he is, even in his faults and shortcomings, and he scorns a precarious survival at the price of seeming to be what he is not.-Alain Locke, Survey, LIII (March 1, 1925), 631-34. (IV, 2.) P. T.D.

The Dead Vote of the South.-Because the vote of the South is always solidly democratic, it plays no part in the choice of the presidential candidate. Very few voters go to the polls for presidential elections. This condition is due to the race problem, which forces all other considerations into the background.-G. W. Johnson, Scribner's Magazine, LXXVIII (July, 1925), 38-43. (IV, 3, 2.) C. M. R.

China's Anti-Christian Drive.-Unlike the Boxer Rebellion, the present hostility to Christians in China is led by those who claim to be the preponents of progress. They fear that Christianity will weaken their national spirit, delay progress, and aid foreign exploitation. Propaganda is the weapon.-Stanley High, Nation, CXX (June 17, 1925), 681–83. (IV, 4; VII, 4.) C. M. R.

V. COMMUNITIES AND TERRITORIAL GROUPS

La crise agricole aux Etats-Unis.-The Agricultural Crisis in the United States: The proportion of the rural population to the urban population continues to diminish in spite of the fact that the number of inhabitants to one-thousand acres of improved land has increased from 176 in 1880 to 210 in 1920. Farm land values have gone up; but purchase power of farm products is lower than it has been since 1859. During the war, farmers bought more land, and since, have insufficient revenues to pay for it.-Yves Guyot, Journal des Economistes, LXXXIV (May 15, 1925), 129-46. (V, 1.) A. M. L.

Dinosaur Cities. Our great metropolitan cities are reaching a size at which life in them is becoming impossible. They are breaking down with respect to housing, water supply, sewage disposal, street traffic, and mechanical transportation. The solutions which are advanced as any one of their features becomes acute is never more than a temporary palliative, and in a few years the problem must be faced again at enormous expense. The increased cost of living and doing business in a metropolis is coming to the point where it can no longer compete successfully with the smaller city.-Clarence S. Stein, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 134-38. (V, 2, 3, 4; VI, 1; VIII, 2.) E. R. R.

Our Stake in Congestion.-The inhabitant of the modern city believes that growth and congestion are necessary to prosperity. Land is bought, buildings are erected, and business and industrial enterprises are embarked upon in the hope of appreciation of values-not in the hope of stability. The process of growth cannot

continue indefinitely. We are not likely to avert the collapse that will follow the deflation of values when our arteries reach the saturation point and stability succeeds the fever of expansion.-Frederick L. Ackerman, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 141-42. (V, 2, 4; VI, 1.) E. R. R.

The Region, a New Governmental Unit.-The growth of the metropolis creates problems of government which neither the small local units, annexation, nor direct state administration can solve. A new unit is proposed-the region; a flexible, centralized unit-which would permit planning and carrying out of plans for the growing needs of transportation, traffic, water, drainage, police, and health. Thomas H. Reed, National Municipal Review, XIV (July, 1925), 417–23. (V, 2.) C. M. R.

Two-Generation Communities.-The present-day city is built for the adult alone. Children are thought of, if at all, not as children, but as future citizens. What is needed is a new social point of view that will provide a community, not for children alone, but for children and adults together. This cannot be accomplished until we escape from old fears, old folkways and old vested wrongs, and learn to want room for all of human nature, instead of only for certain prejudicially selected parts of human nature.-Joseph K. Hart, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 174–76. (I, 3; V, 3; VI, 7.) E. R. R.

An Indian Sociologist Looks at the World.-Suggested cures for human ailments are multitudinous, but the right cure cannot be found before we understand the ailment. To understand the ailment requires sympathy. With sympathy and time we can discover what is wrong with ailing communities and set them right.S. N. Pherwani, Sociological Review, XVII (July, 1925), 169–73. (V,3.) C.M.R.

Coals to Newcastle. The present industrial development of the United States involves a tremendous amount of waste. Raw materials are carried over vast distances to the factories and then often returned to the same region from which they came. The products of one state are often brought to or through a region which produces the same article. Agricultural products are often allowed to rot or are thrown away to avert a fall of prices, simply because lack of planning has led to overproduction. The solution of these difficulties is to be found in the regional planning of communities.-Stuart Chase, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 143–46. (V, 4, 1, 3; VII, 1.) E. R. R.

VI. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

The Road to Good Houses.-We have paid too dear for the privilege of building as we pleased, indifferent to the community. If we learned to plan together we could cut the hidden costs of housing and put the savings into beauty and comfort that are now beyond our reach.-Henry Wright, The Survey, LIV (May_1, 1925), 165-68, 189. (VI, 1.) E. R. R.

Recreation in Small Towns.-Small communities, 2,500 or less, are showing an increasing interest in public recreation. Some of the facilities they provide are parks, playgrounds, athletic fields, community houses, picnic grounds, tennis courts, bathing beaches, swimming pools, and tourist camps.-Weaver Pangburn, National Municipal Review, XIV (March, 1925), 145-49. (VI, 4.) C. M. R.

"By the Artificial Reason of Law."-Judicial decisions such as that of the Supreme Court that the action of the Kansas Industrial Court was unconstitutional are predetermined by the dictates of an older civilization which has left us with problems but has restricted us, by means of precedence, to the use of tools that were even then in the discard. Thus, the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment struck a fixed balance between the social interest in the general security and the individual interest in free enterprise, with the scales weighted in favor of the latter.-J. M. Landis, The Survey, LIV (May 15, 1925), 213-14. (VI, 5; VII, 3.)

E. R. R.

Human Ostriches.-The American custom of refusing to face the unpleasant has allowed the prison to develop in its obscurity all sorts of abuses, most of which are the direct result of private exploitation of prison labor for profit.-Kate Richards O'Hare, Nation, CXX (April 8, 1925), 377-78. (VI, 7.) C. M. R.

VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS

The New Exploration. Charting the Industrial Wilderness. The geography of any region permits but one most efficient framework of industrial organization. This cannot be made; it must be discovered. Not until the nearest possible approach to the most efficient industrial organization of a region has been found can the upbuilding of that region be adequately planned. This task is the new exploration.— Benton Mackaye, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 153-57, 192–94. (VII, 1; V, 4.) E. R. R.

Giant Power-Region-Builder.-Giant power is already forging the framework on which regions may be built-a framework which buttresses the farmer on his land, links shop with soil, and makes the balanced community a vigorous reality. In Pennsylvania the Giant Power Survey Board, in its report just published, provides region builders with estimates and working specifications for their creative task. Robert W. Bruére, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 161-64, 188. (VII, 1.) E. R. R.

Attatimmarsdagens ekonomiska verkningar.-Apparently the welfare of the human element in the production process demands a shortening of the working day. But the possibility of greatly lessened income must also be considered. Although the hour-rate of the short day is increased, the day-rate is decreased, and the total production and the national income are lowered. Foreign competition will result in lowered rents and interest rates. Wages, including those of agricultural laborers, will fall. In spite of these objections, however, the eight-hour day seems desirable and should be given a trial.-Bertil Ohlin, Ekonomisk Tidskrift, XXVI (Häft. 11-12, 1924), 193–218, and XXVII (Häft. 2–3, 1925), 65–94. (VII, 1; VIII, 3.) C. M. R.

Property Ownership as a Social Force.-In order that the American laborer may learn to appreciate the responsibilities which go with investment and management, he should be encouraged to acquire interest in corporations. The ownership of corporations, which has been narrowing, must again be broadened. All the people must have property to interest them in defending the institution of property, on which civilization rests. Property is really the rights of individuals over against other individuals. It must be preserved in order that life and freedom may be preserved.-William L. Ransom, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, XI (April, 1925), 164-98. (IV, 1; VII, 1; VI, 7.) C. M. R.

Consequences of Impersonal Ownership.-The impersonal character of present-day proprietorship is, so far as the general public is concerned, very much the same thing as government control. Stockholders have no share in control, which frequently is quite against their interests. Business men are losing pride and stamina as a result of subsidies and improper methods. Private industry is being gradually replaced by government ownership and operation.-Herbert C. Pell, Jr., Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, XI (April, 1925), 70-74. (VII, 1.)

C. M. R.

Economic Roots of Evils and Ideals.-Expression and fulfilment of personality can be achieved only in sustained harmony with the enlarging development of the community. The process of changing personal ideals is observed to relate closely to the economic system, from the hunting stage to the present money economy, which has brought about the leisure class ideal.-Victor Branford, Sociological Review, XVII (July, 1925), 204-19. (VII, 1.) C. M. R.

The Tuxis Movement in Canada.-The Tuxis Movement is the program for older boys worked out by the churches of Canada. This movement is effecting the

development of a generation whose religious outlook and practices will be primarily in terms of the social issues of daily living.-Hedley S. Dimock, American Review, II (November-December, 1924), 660–65. (VII, 2.) E. R. R.

What to Tell the Children.—Recent giving up of orthodox beliefs with their rich symbolism creates a problem with respect to religious education of children. This article advises teaching the Bible and allowing the children to draw their own conclusions.-M. W. Stillman, Forum, LXXIV (August, 1925), 216–21. (VII, 2.) C. M. R.

Religion and the Life of Civilization.-Early man felt that all events, including his own works, were the works of the gods, and that all he did was to fit into the scheme. The power of the religious impulse is shown in its effect upon ancient civilizations. Society is intimately bound up with its religion, so intimately that a society which has lost its religion will lose its culture.-Christopher Dawson, Quarterly Review, CCXLIV (January, 1925), 98–115. (VII, 2.) C. M. R.

The League of Nations and Unanimity.-Although in theory the League of Nations requires unanimity, in practice it does not, since various provisions allow majorities to take action. The tendency is toward the creation of a state of nations. -Sir John Fischer Williams, American Journal of International Law, XIX (July, 1925), 475-88. (IV, 2; VII, 3.)

C. M. R.

Tendencies Toward Peace.-The tendencies toward peace are growing stronger every day. Peace is a matter of organization, and if we could now have as enthusiastic and as well-organized work for constructive peace as we had work during the war we should accomplish much. The three great spheres in which effective work for peace is possible are governmental policy, education, and the organization of the workers.-C. Delisle Burns, American Review, II (November-December, 1924), 603-9. (VII, 4.) E. R. R.

Suggestion in Social Life.-Suggestion is any idea that is followed by action. It is the basis of imitation and begins to operate very early in life. Suggestions made to the young are unconsciously accepted, and determine what traditions shall be adopted. Thus it unconsciously molds our tendencies to act. Suggestion is possible through the subtle, powerful influence of one mind over another. It is more potent when there is mental relaxation, when will and reason are suspended and the imagination is free. Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones, Lancet, CCVIII (April 4, 1925), 705-10. (1, 2, 3, 4; VII, 4.) H.D.M.

VIII. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

The Criminal and the Napanoch Plan.-The present-day penal and parole system is defective in that it neglects the opportunity for scientific study of the individual criminal, and provides altogether inadequate facilities for the supervision and rehabilitation of the offender. Classification of criminals: Criminals may be divided into four groups: (1) normally endowed individuals with undesirable environment; (2) mentally deficient individuals with bad environment; (3) psychopathic individuals emotionally unstable and deficient; (4) insane and irresponsible individuals. Plan of treatment: The Napanoch plan provides merely for the determination of the guilt or innocence by the court, an indeterminate sentence, and scientific treatment of the causative factors.-W. N. Thayer, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XVI (August, 1925), 278–89. (VI, 5; VIII, 1.) P. E. M.

Incendiarism in Adult Males.-A morbid impulse to burn is not limited to any particular group of psychoses or to mental deficiency. For this reason it seems probable that the impulse is of accidental origin.-H. T. P. Young, Lancet, CĊVIII (June 27, 1925), 1334–36. (VIII, 1.) H.D. M.

The Effect of Prohibition upon Crime.-Prohibition has brought into existence a great number of statutory crimes hitherto unknown to the law. The result has

been an increase in crime and a clogging of the courts. On the other hand, it has reduced the number of petty crimes and proved a benefit to the cause of public order. The extent of this increase and decrease is difficult to ascertain. The danger of the present situation is the official corruption resulting from the enforcement of these laws.-G. G. Battle, North American Review, CCXXI (June-July-August, 1925), 601-7. (VIII, 1.) H. D. M. Feeblemindedness.-Feeblemindedness must be recognized generally as a disease requiring treatment. It is hereditary or is caused by disease or accident in infancy or early childhood. It may be recognized by the slow development of the child and his social unfitness. When a case is recognized, the child should be trained accordingly, realizing that his intelligence cannot be increased but that he can be directed away from bad habits and into desirable ones.-Walter E. Fernald, Mental Hygiene, VIII (October, 1924), 964–71. (VIII, 1.) E. R. R.

Tramps and Hobos.-Tramps travel without working, while hobos travel in search of work. There are professional and religious tramps, as well as criminal tramps and tramp criminals. Each has his particular way of getting a living, and his status is affected by the method employed. The psychology of the hobo is different. He is a migratory worker traveling with the seasons. There is an elaborate "jargon of vagabondy" and a well developed sign language used by these men.-Towne Nylander, Forum, LXXIV (July, 1925), 227–37. (I, 4; IV, 1; VIII, 1.) H. D. M.

The Future of Democracy.-The less able elements of the population are reproducing faster than the gifted. If this continues, submergence of the intellectual element and government by the inferior is inevitable. Government founded upon equal suffrage must give away to preferential voting. Unless some action of this kind be taken to insure the able a dominant voice in governmental affairs, civilization is in danger of extinction through loss of the best hereditary lines.-J. H. Kempton, Journal of Heredity, XVI (January, 1925), 3-8. (VII, 3; VIII, 2.) H.D. M.

Age of Parents and Order of Birth in Relation to Longevity of Offspring.— The data indicate that neither the age of the father nor that of the mother at the time of conception has any manifest effect upon the longevity of the offspring, and that there is little relation between order of birth and longevity.-S. J. Holmes and I. Wilson, Journal of Heredity, XVI (February, 1925), 47-50. (II, 3; VIII, 2.)

H.D. M.

Education and Fecundity.-There is no correlation between education and fecundity. Colleges for women are not responsible for the sterilization of the race. If there is an educative factor involved in the declining birth-rate it is effective chiefly in or below the high school.-H. J. Banker, Journal of Heredity, XVI (February, 1925), 57-59. (VIII, 2.) H.D. M.

Le conflit américain de la science et de la prohibition.-The American Conflict between Science and Prohibition: Professor Pearl, of the Johns Hopkins University, by experimenting with chickens, found that chickens born of alcoholic parentage, reached the 180-day period in greater numbers than those of non-alcoholic parentage. Through study of statistics he concluded that persons drinking alcoholic liquors in moderation have a better chance for longer life than either total abstainers or heavy drinkers. He concludes that nothing indicates that alcohol taken in moderation is harmful to the physical being. Seen in this light, prohibition without reaching its goal is simply inciting people to violation of law.-Y. G., Journal des Economistes, LXXXIV (June, 1925), 299–304. (VIII, 5.) A. M. L.

IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

The Behavior of Legislative Groups.-Acting on the principle that politics and sociology must be behavioristic if they are to be quantitative in method, the author of this article has devised a method of measuring the behavior of legislative groups, based on their votes. His studies were made with the New York State Assembly of 1921 and the Senate of the Sixty-eighth Congress. The results are quantitative state