tral. The social organization, religion, and the whole system of elaborate taboos are essentially concerned with success or luck in hunting, upon which they rely almost wholly for a precarious livelihood.

WILLIAM C. SMITH

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

The Menace of Colour. A Study of the Difficulties Due to the Association of White and Colored Races, with an Account of Measures Proposed for Their Solution, and Special Reference to White Colonization in the Tropics. By J. W. GREGORY. Philadelphia. J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1925. Pp. 264.

The race problem as it exists today is primarily a product of the expansion of international trade and the improvement of transportation and communication. The same mechanical devices of human intercourse that have mobilized both goods and races and the forces which have created a world-wide economy have at the same time given the future relations of the races the dimensions of a world problem. The interest of this volume consists in the fact that the author, who had traveled widely and seen the racial problem in its varied aspects at first hand, in many different regions of the world, has attempted to bring together his observations within the limits of a single volume. In doing so, he has added to his observation of the problem a survey of a very considerable literature on the subject of race relations. It is this review of the literature, much of it recent, which gives the book its chief value for the student.

The author has, naturally, his own positive views, as the title of the volume indicates, but his survey of the facts is nevertheless without apparent bias, and that is unusual enough in writers of this topic to make it worth recording. This survey shows that while the number of serious studies of the racial problem have multiplied, and opinions are not so dogmatic as they were, the facts are quite as capable of different interpretation today as they were forty years ago. The only matter in which we seem to have more accurate knowledge in regard to races is with reference to the relative immunity of different peoples to climate, and diseases due to climate. A very long chapter in the volume is devoted to experiments to develop with white labor the natural resources of Northern Australia, and to the possibility of the colonization of the tropics by the white man. He believes that the further tenure of the English as the ruling oligarchy in India is doomed, and that whatever the future of that vast region, the experiment of home rule must be tried.

He looks forward hopefully, however, to a co-operation of the different races of the world after the limits of racial expansion have been fixed as finally and as definitely as the present boundaries of states.

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

ROBERT E. PARK

An Unofficial Statesman-Robert G. Ogden. By PHILIP W. WILSON. New York: Doubleday Page & Co., 1924. Pp. xi+275. $5.00.

Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography. By SAMUEL GOMPERS. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1925. Two volumes. Pp. xxxiv+557. $5.00.

It is not mere love of paradox that prompts the pairing of two such diverse figures as Gompers and Ogden. Both were self-educated men who "made a difference to America"; both were "consecrated spendthrifts"; both were "unofficial statesmen"; both had a rare gift for large scale, daring organization, and leadership. That one was an immigrant Jew, and the other a native Presbyterian; that one was a pioneer in attempting to bring order out of chaos in retail trade through such an enterprise as the Wanamaker stores, while the other brought some show of order into the chaos of conflict between employer and employee; that one taught Sunday-school classes while the other taught cigar-makers in smoky saloon rooms makes no real difference. Both were imbued with intense Americanism, both gave of themselves unstintedly, neither was a teetotaler, both hated autobiographies: Ogden never got farther than some notes and correspondence; Gompers barely finished his before he died; indeed, his devoted secretary wrote the last chapter after his demise. Ogden will be remembered chiefly for his work in making retail trade a dignified and respectable calling, for his masterful pioneering in the technique of disaster relief (as in the Johnstown flood), for his efforts to hold an organic connection between Christianity and business, and for his services to negro education and reconciliation with the South. His opposition to ostentatious employee welfare work, his interest in child-labor legislation, pensions, accident compensation, and his dictum "The time is past when a single man alone in his office can settle what his workman shall be paid for his labor," indicate an unsuspected kinship with the great founder of the American Federation of Labor.

Both of these biographies are more or less impressionistic and scat

tered. Gompers doubles back upon his story repeatedly. But in general his first volume is a running narrative; his second a series of historical expositions of special points, e.g., injunctions, immigration, violence, pacifism. To the sociologist perhaps the most instructive chapters are those dealing with causative influences upon his character and thinking: shop life, Ethical Culture Society, lodges, Herbert Spencer, Cooper Union debates, newspapers, early contact with European visionaries, socialists, communists, anarchists. He never lived down Spencer, and his first real experience with courts branded him with the idea that labor could not trust its welfare to government. While it is true that Gompers never worked out a definitely articulated economic philosophy, yet a survey of these chapters and the admirable topical analysis which precedes them yield that philosophy in unmistakable terms. All in all, they constitute an epitome of American labor history and labor theory. Naturally there will be differences of opinion as to whether Gompers' interpretation of specific occurrences like the boycott campaign or Wilson's administration is correct. (Cf. Merritt's recent pamphlet, History of the League for Industrial Rights.) But no one can read these chapters without becoming impressed with his honesty, his militant Americanism, and his sincere devotion to those true trade unionists, who "fearlessly and insistently maintain and contend that the trade unions are paramount to any other form of organization or movement of labor in the world." He was sentimental and frankly partisan in spite of his worship of reason. He was vain over his political skill, his eloquence, his family. He was a hard fighter. But he fought fairly according to his lights. He respected learning and had a professor's reverence for notes, documents, and filing cases. Ogden built churches and patronized theology. Gompers built temples of labor and stimulated applied economies. America is the richer for these two men despite the "nigger"-haters and the labor-baiters. No student of the deeper streams of American life can afford to ignore the life record of these two practical idealists.

ARTHUR J. TODD

CHICAGO

Constructive School Discipline. (American Education Series.) By WALTER ROBINSON SMITH. Chicago: American Book Co., 1924. Pp. 275. $1.40.

Adversely: This little volume is likely to disappoint sociologists primarily interested in scientific methodology either in the fields of theory

or engineering applications, or who desire a factual basis for principles. One would like, throughout the discussion of discipline as a means of social control through "school spirit," extra-curricular activities, classroom management, punishments, rewards, and student participation in school control, more listing of illustrative type cases such as illumine the works of Healy, Van Waters, and Mateer. More sociology is possible of application than is here apparent, even in view of the author's promise to utilize the group concept in dealing with social control. The work is philosophical and hortatory, abounding in "must," "should," "ought," easy generalizations, and is professedly perfectionistic. For example, what really is the meaning of "discipline. . . . a genuine educative force?" (P. 9.) Is discipline a force or a condition? How do forces differ from conditioning factors? Do forces lie without or within persons?

Favorably: In its avowed sociological emphasis and approach, the work is pathfinding. It organizes in a simple, straightforward manner a wide series of current categories pertinent to discipline, and so lays the groundwork for scientific effort in this field. It is a thought-provoking book that should be read by every school administrator and teacher.

DANIEL H. KULP II

TEACHERS COLLEGE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The Visiting Teacher Movement. With special reference to administrative relationships. By JULIUS J. OPPENHEIMER. New York: Joint Committee on Methods of Preventing Delinquency, 1925. Pp. xvii+206. 75 cents.

A century's evolution of public education in American cities has revealed the need of many forms of service in that education besides classroom teaching.

The need of this service has proved especially urgent in the cases of strongly variant pupils-variant as regards health, home surroundings, intellectual powers, or other qualities of significance to school work.

Under normal conditions there falls to the charge of each teacher assigned to regular teaching a group of pupils (or, in the case of departmental teachers, several class-groups) most of whom are not far from "modal" as respects any quality that may be considered, but a few of whom are markedly variant. Classroom requirements and practices must

necessarily be adapted largely to the needs and potentialities of the modal majority. But such adaptations may not only fail to serve the strongly variant, but may even steadily push them farther into the outer darkness of abmodal attitude and behavior.

When a school system becomes at all sensitive to its own economy of human potentialities, it cannot fail to discover very large leakages in these variants. They appear then as truants, laggards, irreconcilables, idlers, misdemeanants, and even as potential disease-bearers, vice purveyors, and criminals.

But if these difficult cases are to be dealt with constructively, it soon appears that regular teachers can be of only partial help. Segregated classes may be essential to provide special education or opportunity. In any event, contacts with the child's environment outside the school must be made by some competent person.

Hence the genesis of the visiting teacher. Dr. Oppenheimer has had a peculiarly favorable opportunity to survey the history and present operations of these so-called teachers, the fruits of which appear in the present publication, which is issued under the auspices of the Commonwealth Fund Program for the Prevention of Delinquency.

For any educator, social worker or other, desiring information as to the varieties of practices now prevailing in the cases of visiting teachers, Dr. Oppenheimer's is a useful and convenient compendium. Its data were painstakingly procured, and its style is clear and succinct.

TEACHERS COLLEGE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

DAVID SNEDDEN

The Religion of the Crow Indians. BY ROBERT H. LOWIE. New York: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. XXV, Pt. II, 1922. Pp. 315. $1.25.

In the religious life of these plains Indians the vision is all-important. All notions of success are interpreted as the result of power by one of certain supernatural beings with whom the individual establishes communication, usually by solitary fasting, occasionally in crisis situations. Lowie's monograph describing this behavior is of particular value because it contains many verbatim accounts by the Indians of their experiences.

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

ROBERT REDFIELD