Values in the Control of Environment.-The present tendency in public health to concentrate on personal hygiene is unfortunately tending to a neglect of environmental or community sanitation. This is a mistake. The achievements of communal hygiene have not as yet reached their maximum, nor do their benefits extend to all neighborhoods. Moreover, the growth of industry is adding to the problems of environmental sanitation. There is still a fruitful continued field for environmental control in the public health program.-Abel, Wolman, American Journal of Public Health, XV (March, 1925), 189–94. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. A Study of Delinquent Girls at Sleighton Farm.-The task of Sleighton Farm is the rehabilitation in society of delinquent girls. The correlation of delinquency with youthful marriage, illegitimacy, mental deficiency, poor physical condition, and sex experience is shown. Information has also been compiled regarding the family, school, work, and previous institutional history of the offenders, together with the causes for commitment.-Amy Hewes, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XV (February, 1925), 598-619. (VIII, 1; VI, 6.) P.E. M. Why We Send Folks to Prison. Of the four avowed aims of punishmentretribution, deterrence, segregation, and reform-retribution alone is effectively realized. Deterrence depends not on the severity of punishment, but on its certainty and swiftness. Segregation is ineffectual because of the small proportion of criminals in actual confinement. As for reform, with the exception of youthful criminals sent to the reformatory for the first offense, it is little more than a hope.-George W. Kirchwey, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, 1925), 131–33. (VIII, 1; VI, 5, 7.) P. E. M. How Prisons Punish the Human Mind.-The mind of the criminal is punished by the blocking of sociability, the impossibility of normal self-assertion and the lack of emotional outlets. Prison officials, usually inefficient and ignorant, develop a purely mechanical spirit which brutalizes the prisoners as well as themselves. As to the public, imprisonment serves as a means of manifesting social revenge, securing social protection, expressing collective sadism, and has a strong publicity appeal often exploited by politicians.-H. E. Barnes, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, 1925), 133-36. (VIII, 1; VI, 5, 7; VII, 3.) P. E. M. The Taxpayer's Burden.-The exploitation of prison labor, evidenced in the "task" system, adds to the taxpayer's burden. It spreads infection through prisonmade goods, fails to create habits of industry or to give training that will be of value to the prisoner after his release, and worst of all, prevents progress.-Kate R. O'Hare, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, 1925), 137–38. (VIII, 1; VI, 5, 7.) P.E. M. Youth versus Authority.-Youth does not have conscious control of the processes of social change. The youthful delinquent is not a rebel but is trying, in spite of his handicaps, to achieve the goals of modern "success" through imitation. The modern method of correctional education should supplant repressive, coercive, or vindictive treatment.-Miriam Van Waters, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, 1925), 139-40. (VIII, 1; VI, 5, 7.) P. E. M. In Place of Prisons.-Some Things Already Done: The modern tendency is toward less repressive institutions diversified according to function. There is a movement toward the indeterminate sentence, increased use of therapeutic and psychological skill in diagnosis, with treatment according to individual needs. Progress is being made along lines of non-institutional treatment through probation and parole.W. D. Lane and J. D. Hodder, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, 1925), 141–44. (VIII, 1; VI, 5, 7.) P.E. M. Punishment or Treatment?-The barter and exchange principle of punishment leads the criminal to seek adjustment to prison rather than normal life. Scientific methods should be applied, the causes underlying the criminal act be determined, and an attempt made to prevent its recurrence and restore the individual safely to the community. Herman M. Adler, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, 1925), 145-46. (VIII, 1; VI, 5, 7.) P. E. M. Size of Family and Male Juvenile Delinquency.—Data collected from three institutions for delinquent boys compared with sixteen-, seventeen-, and eighteenyear-old employed boys in New York State showed a slight positive correlation between size of family and juvenile delinquency, and an excess of large families among the delinquent group. There was also a small positive correlation between size of families and number of arrests. There seemed to be no relation between size of family and intelligence status.-John Slawson, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XV (February, 1925), 631-40. (VIII, 1; II, 3.) P. E. M. Biology Molding the Future.-There is a possibility that mutations may be understood and controlled; that the relation of chemicals to cells may be worked out, and that the perpetuation of youth may be made possible. The problem is one of bio-chemical technique: An understanding of the relation of well-known substances to the body is having a great influence on the problems of health and medicine.J. B. S. Haldane, Forum, LXXIII (March, 1925), 331–41. (VIII, 2; I, 2.) H.D. M. The Ruin of Rome and Its Lesson for Us.-The causes of the decay of antiquity are in operation today. We have, however, the motives and the knowledge to prevent destruction. The method is to impress political organizations with the importance of race selection because race decadence causes social decay.-F. C. S. Schiller, Eugenics Review, XVII (April, 1925), 1–11. (VIII, 2.) H.D. M. Eugenics in America.-Eugenics investigates the manner of the inheritance of human traits. The data on heredity, mate selection, differential fecundity, differential survival, and differential migration are sufficient to show what is happening to the human race and to predict what stocks we will have in time. Trained workers are necessary to carry on this research.-H. H. Laughlin, Eugenics Review, XVII (April, 1925), 28–35. (VIII, 2.) H.D. M. Local Variations in the Birth-Rate.-The variations of the birth-rate in different parts of the country are not dependent upon money income, but upon the industrial character of the district. This factor determines sex distribution. Sex distribution determines the age at which women marry, and the marriage age of women determines the birth-rate.-C. T. Brunner, Economic Journal, XXXV (March, 1925), 60-65. (VIII, 2; II, 3; III, 4.) H.D. M. The Prevention of Crime.-Crime is a mode of behavior. The real preventative is study before rather than punishment after the offense has been committed. The causes, including structural anomalies in the bodily organs, and training and experience, are open to scientific investigation. The problem is medical, but it reaches into the fields of sociology, psychology, biology, and the allied sciences.-Journal of the American Medical Association, CXXXIV (January 3, 1925), 38–39. (VIII, 1.) H.D. M. Is Crime Preventable?-What's Bred in the Bone: There is a criminal type. Brain disease is inherited and incurable. Two per cent of the population commit most of the major crimes. This 2 per cent should be selected during school years and segregated. The Intelligent Criminal: Generalizations on the basis of police records are not valid because the intelligent criminals are never caught. Only the lowest classes ever come in contact with the police to be tested. Generalizations on such a basis deal only with convicted persons and not with criminals.-W. Pitkin and N. M. Clark, The Forum, LXXIII (April, 1925), 458-73. (VIII, 1.) H.D. M. IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The South Lingers On.-The article contains five short sketches of negro life in Harlem dealing with an incident in the religious life of Harlem, an employment agency, the night life of the younger generation, education, and the revival meetings. Rudolph Fisher, Survey, LIII (March 1, 1925), 644-47. (IX, 4; IV, 2; III, 6.) P.T.D. The History and Prospect of Vital Statistics.-Vital statistics were kept in some cities as early as the fifteenth century. Continuous and rapid progress in statistics has been made, however, only since 1830. The study of mortality statistics, which came first, has been followed by studies involving social problems such as birth- and marriage-rates. The prospect of statistics includes greater accuracy of observation, and testing of conclusions.-H. 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