University of North Carolina.-The University of North Carolina Press has just published a volume by Howard W. Odum and Guy B. Johnson entitled The Negro and His Songs, a Study of Typical Negro Songs in the South.

Smith College. In the issue of April, 1925, of the Sociological Review of London, there appears the first of a series of articles on the general subject "Representative Biological Theories of Society," by Professor Harry Elmer Barnes. The subject of this article is "The Analogy between Society and the Individual Organism." A review of The New History and the Social Studies by Professor Barnes appeared in the July American Journal of Sociology.

University of Wisconsin.-The World Book Company announces the publication of Civic Sociology, a Textbook in Social and Civic Problems for Young Americans, by Professor Edward A. Ross. This volume was especially planned for a high-school text in sociology and presents, as the author states in the Preface, "what the graduate of an American high school may reasonably be expected to know in this field."

Professor E. C. Lindeman has been in Italy during the last six months, observing social and economic conditions.

REVIEWS

Christian Missions and Oriental Civilizations. A Study in Culture Contact. The Reactions of Non-Christian Peoples to Protestant Missions from the Standpoint of Individual and Group Behavior: Outline, Materials, Problems, and Tentative Interpretations. By MAURICE T. PRICE, PH.D. Foreword by ROBERT E. PARK. Shanghai, China, 1924. Pp. xxvi+578. This is one of the first books to approach missionary enterprise from the scientific, sociological viewpoint, and the result is stimulating and gratifying. The author has succeeded in running ahead of the missionary, as it were, and in putting himself understandingly into the life, the cultures, and the attitudes of the oriental peoples; and thus has been able to interpret what goes on in the minds of non-Christian peoples when the missionary arrives with his positive Christian message. The actions, thoughts, and feelings of the Oriental when confronted by the strange and peculiar (to him) religious teachings of the Christian missionary are made plain in many of their manifold variations.

The approving and non-approving responses of the Oriental, his temporary and permanent responses, his passive and active types of opposition, his passive and active forms of receptivity-these are analyzed and illustrated extensively. Many of the methods used in missionary enterprises are examined with a view to explaining the different results obtained. The naïveté, the lack of knowledge of oriental culture, the lack of understanding of psycho-sociological principles-these shortcomings of many missionaries are made plain.

Christian missionary activity in the Orient is interpreted as the impact of a set of culture patterns upon markedly different and often complex and well-established cultures, with the result that powerful defense reactions are aroused. In order that the missionary may avoid many difficulties, he needs training along ethnological and psycho-sociological lines; he needs to understand social processes, such as conflict, accommodation, and assimilation.

One of the far-reaching implications of the book is the possibility of working out a world-religion. The treatise gives a comprehension of some of the processes whereby people of one type of religious views give them

up and adopt another type; it makes the development of one worldreligion and of one moral universe, wherein "every individual has the status of a person with mutual rights and obligations," seem practical and hence appreciably nearer.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

E. S. BOGARDUS

Outlines of Introductory Sociology. A Textbook of Readings in Social Science. By CLARENCE MARSH CASE. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1924. Pp. xxxvi+980. $3.75.

There is undoubtedly need of more collections of carefully edited readings in sociology than we now have. This need has been largely met by the present volume, which is evidently the result of laborious perusal of and, on the whole, wise selection from the great mass of literature on the subject. The range and number of writers drawn from are unusually large, and the names include those who are very familiar and some who are not so well known. Foreign authors of various nations are well represented, but the selections are mainly from among North Americans. Few writers are quoted more than once. Unquestionably the editor is well acquainted with the literature, and he has so arranged his material that it is illustrative of the trends in current sociological writing, as well as of the organized field of sociology.

The arrangement of subject matter follows the conventional plan which has been most used in American universities during the last two decades. After seven chapters on foundation principles, which cover the nature of the social sciences, the nature of social phenomena, attitudes, culture, race, and environment, there are three major parts, "Social Origins," "Social Processes," and "Social Problems." It is in this order of presentation that the conventionality of the treatment lies. About 250 pages are devoted to stages of culture and institutions. In this (second) part the author takes the environmental viewpoint primarily, and I believe his handling of his subject matter is on the whole very good.

In Part III ("Social Processes") the influence of Ross is very clearly apparent. The chapter headings are largely the categories which Ross employs in his Principles of Sociology. He quotes and cites Ross far more frequently than any other person. But there are also selections from such writers as Simmel, Schmoller, Small, Dewey, and Cooley, among others. The chief categories here used are social processes, socialization, diffusion, opposition, stratification, equalization, co-operation, organization, expansion.

Part IV treats such social problems as conservation, public health, population, migration, race problems, poverty, crime, mental inadequacy, unemployment and insurance, recreation, ignorance, class conflict, social reform, and social progress. Some teachers and readers may regard this part as too "practical" or descriptively factual, but it should be remembered that most of the general theory of sociology is contained in the first three parts.

An introductory chapter by the editor on science and the social sciences affords a good methodological foundation for the selections which follow, and brief introductions at the beginning of each chapter and of each selection serve to orient the reader. The last two chapters on reform and progress serve to relate the treatment as a whole to the problem of ⚫ the utilization of theory in practice. The volume suffers from the disadvantage which any book of readings must suffer, that of some degree of discreteness, despite careful editing. But Professor Case has done much to overcome this difficulty and has presented a decidedly usable textbook. L. L. BERNARD

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.

Educational Applications of Sociology. By DAVID SNEDDEN. New York: The Century Co., 1924. Pp. x+411. $3.50.

Professor Snedden announces this new book as a revision of parts III and IV of his Educational Sociology. Much has been added of value. Certainly no one understands better than Professor Snedden the complexity of the problem with which he deals, and in this book he attempts to trace out the complex demands of modern social science upon educational theory and practice. Part I is devoted to "The Sociological Foundations of Education" and discusses such matters as the schools as social agencies, education as a means of social efficiency, the objectives of education, the evolution of education, and physical, vocational, social, and cultural education. Part II discusses "The Sociological Foundations of the School Subjects." The sociological backgrounds of linguistic, mathematical, and natural science studies are ably presented. One is disappointed only when one comes to civic education through the social sciences. In Part I, Professor Snedden has ably discussed the general principles of social education. One would naturally expect him to devote much space to the social studies in Part II, but only a brief chapter of seven pages is allotted to the social studies. In that chapter the only social studies discussed are civics and economics. A previous chapter of twelve pages had

discussed civic education through history. Apparently Professor Snedden does not believe that sociology has any proper place in the public schools, though he recognizes in his chapter on social education that it is the chief social science.

Professor Snedden's book will hardly satisfy those protagonists of the social studies in the schools who believe that at least one-fourth of the time in all grades should be devoted to such studies. It will be still less satisfactory to those who hold that sociology, developed on the basis of the study of primary groups, is as simple a subject (if not simpler) as civics or economics. Though Professor Snedden is a professor of educational sociology in the leading teachers' training institution in the country, one misses from his books any enthusiasm for the socialization of the curriculum in the sense of making the social studies central in the curriculum. This may be because Professor Snedden sees more of the difficulties than some of us see who are simpler minded.

CHARLES A. ELLWOOD

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

Society and Its Surplus. By NEWELL LEROY SIMS. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1924. Pp. 581+xii. $3.00.

Any analysis of reality must be dynamic. Even the ultimate structure of mind or matter is no longer conceived in static terms. Hence, Professor Sims is on the right track in handling the essence of social fact as energy, movement. His book is primarily a description of social change or evolution as the variants of two assumptions: First, that society is essentially a physical phenomenon; and second, that surplus manifestations of the energy of social aggregates is the stuff of sociology. The resultant formula is that social power derived from surplus is the fundamental factor in social change. His definition of sociology as "the science of the cosmic process in the social order, or, more definitely, the science of group energy and power, treating specifically of the genesis, development, extent, modes, distribution, integration, conservation, dissipation, degradation, elevation, direction, general influence, and behavior of energy manifest in social forms" indicates the tenor of the book and its kinship with Herbert Spencer and Simon Patten. The bulk of this monograph (for it is a monograph rather than a systematic outline of general sociology) is devoted to a classification of energies, forms, and manifestations of surplus, the process of surplus accumulation, the conditions of social evolution or progress in terms of surplus, and the methods or