far too small. It is totally inadequate for the maintenance of beneficial conditions at home, and totally inadequate for safe and progressive conditions overseas. With the passing of time the Empire Settlement Act will become more effective and the number of schemes under it will increase.-B. Hosgood, Scottish Geographic Magazine, XL (September, 1924), 282–93. (III, 5.) E. L. S.

Three Factors in Primitive Religion.-The deduction of religious concepts or emotions from natural phenomena is unproved and improbable. The history of religion has probably consisted in the differentiation of various elements from an original complex and the varying stress placed upon these elements rather than the successive introduction of new elements. The religious attitude toward natural phenomena, aside from pure magic, consists in the ascription of a human element to them.—John R. Swanton, American Anthropologist, XXVI (July-September, 1924), 358-65. (III, 6.) E. R. R.

IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS

The Outcastes of India: Their Hope of Freedom.-This class includes onesixth of the population of India, and produces by its labor more than one-half of the country's wealth. The fact that the outcastes differ so widely in race, language, customs, and character has hitherto made it difficult for them to combine for assertion of their rights, but there are signs that the outcastes all over India are beginning to develop a class consciousness. The development of class consciousness is greatly assisted by the Christian church work. Guided, educated, inspired by Christian teaching, this movement may lead to the regeneration of India.-Henry Whitehead, Nineteenth Century, XCVII (February, 1925), 274-82. (IV, 1.) P. T. D.

Company Unions and Labor Unions: A Functional View.-Company unions and labor unions are not in opposition, but are complementary. The labor unions perform a definite function where operated under intelligent leadership. The shop committees have shown up certain conspicuous weaknesses in the organized unions, but because of their restrictions they cannot perform all the functions of the labor union. Ordway Tead, American Review, III (January-February, 1925), 29-35. (IV, 1.) E. R. R.

War and Peace in the Industrial World.-Contrary to the general view, industrial peace and industrial prosperity do not commonly go together. There are two kinds of strike movements. During periods of falling prices and low profits, labor is on the defensive and strikes are directed against reduction in wages; during rising prices, labor becomes aggressive and strikes result.-William M. Leiserson, American Review, I (January-February, 1923), 17–30. (IV, 1.) E. R. R.

Mass-Production-A Worker's Experience.-Monotony and drabness are the prevailing features of a factory worker's life. Industrial workers are hard, narrow, irreligious, uncultured, materialistic, indifferent to spiritual values. They feel themselves victims of "capitalism," which seeks to cheapen production at the expense of human beings. A step toward remedying these conditions would be a recognition of the "voice of labor" in the management of industry.-R. M. Fox, Hibbert Journal, XXIII (April, 1925), 516–27. (IV, 1.) E. L. S.

Indian Unrest.-The unrest in India is today caused by economic rather than political factors. Three large factors in the poverty of India are: (1) the majority of the Indian workers are chronically underemployed; (2) only a small proportion of the women in India are engaged in the production of wealth; (3) the industrial organization of India is inefficient. These may be remedied somewhat by: (1) the adoption of birth control to prevent the ever recurring subdivision of agricultural holdings; (2) the larger employment of women in the production of wealth; (3) the acceleration of the growth of modern industries.-Theodore Morrison, Nineteenth Century, XCVII (March, 1925), 346-54. (IV, 2.) P. T. D.

Indian Unrest.-In India today there are symptoms of unrest which, whether genuine or spurious in their origin, are seriously retarding its healthy progress.

Much of it is stirred up by incendiary leaflets which are distributed by thousands throughout India by Indian revolutionaries. Ninety-four per cent of the Indian population are satisfied with the present rule, but it is the urban intelligentsia who are unsatisfied with the British rule and are forever trying to stir up unrest.-M. F. O'Dwyer, Nineteenth Century, XCVII (March, 1925), 355-67. (IV, 2; VII, 4.)

P. T. D.

Caste in India.-Indian caste is not a social organization; it is a spiritual-honors list, published by the deity at the birth of a man, and reissued upon each birth. You choose your caste by your actions in a previous existence. Position and wealth make no difference in caste. The only social obligations caste involves are courtship, marriage, and burial.-Cornelia Sorabji, Nineteenth Century, XCVII (April, 1925), 514-23. (IV, 2.)

P. T. D.

Negro Race Consciousness as Reflected in Race Literature.-Negro poetry is a reflection of the inner life of the colored race. The most characteristic and best known are the songs of slavery. Folk songs are the literature of an illiterate race, and the songs of slavery are much further developed than their folk songs. Their hymns are crude but embody a scheme of life. Much of the Negro poetry of today is like our own-interesting but unconvincing, but occasionally it rises spontaneously out of their racial experience and speaks with the authority of deep conviction and with a tone of prophecy.—Robert E. Park, American Review, I (September-October, 1923), 505-16. (IV, 2.) E. R. R.

Some Implications of the Nordic Tendency.-The basis for the modern Nordic tendency is found in Nietzsche's philosophy of the "superman." Nietzsche holds that man's evolution comes through mental development, spiritual development, and the cultivation of the "will-to-power." The superman, the man of unusual ability, cannot be a slave to pity, sympathy, charity, or other standards of value set by the masses. The system of education by which the superman is to make the super-race is presumably to be achieved through the Nordic I. Q. advocates, from whom we can expect no more sympathy than from Nietzsche, the master of our Nordic friends.-Walter S. McNutt, Education, XLV (March, 1925), 399–406 (IV, 2; VII, 2.) E. L. S.

Salvage of the Non-Nordic.-The author maintains that there is a "superNordic tendency" which assumes that the Nordics are the supermen of humanity, and that with this tendency there is associated the belief that the sole possession of knowledge is in an intelligence test. Our American education must be saved from an autocracy which would select only the Nordics. It must salvage the non-Nordics, making education a democratic socializing process by which "society builds up society and not a selected group."-Walter S. McNutt, Education, XLV (February, 1925), 321-32. (IV, 2; VII, 2.) E. L. S.

The Comparison of Races.-The innate inferiority of the darker races in common is only taken for granted, but it is difficult to determine how much racial differences and how much differences in school training and social conditions contribute to the divergence in test results. The existence of racial differences, points of strength and weakness, talents and lack of talents, is and always will be plain and undeniable, but for an accurate determination of facts it will be necessary to study the development of the same group of white and of Negro children for consecutive years, in physical and mental growth and in school achievement.-James E. Gregg, Scientific Monthly, XX (March, 1925), 248-54. (IV, 2; IX, 2; I, 2.) P. T. D.

V. COMMUNITIES AND TERRITORIAL GROUPS

Family Living in Farm Homes.-Data gathered from 402 farm families show the cost or value of the principal goods consumed during the twelve months ending September 1, 1921, the kinds and quantities of food materials and clothing used, the value of houses and house furnishings, the prevalence of certain facilities affecting the comfort and convenience of the house, the education of the members, and cer

tain other points commonly considered indicative of the standard of living.-E. L. Kirkpatrick, Helen W. Atwater, Ilena M. Bailey, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1214 (January, 1924). (V, 1.) C. W. H.

Some Town-Country Relations in Union County, Ohio.-A study of the social and economic relations that exist between the inhabitants of rural towns and the farmers of the surrounding open country to discover the underlying attitude of mind which affects those relationships, and the modes of expressing those attitudes in the ordinary social and economic life of the community. The territory studied is homogeneous with respect to population. The relations are grouped as follows: church, school, fraternal orders, recreation, amusement, and sociable intercourse; economic.-Perry P. Denune, Ohio State University, "University Studies, Sociology Series No. 1" (June, 1924). (V, 1; IX, 3.) C. W. H.

Rural Religious Organization. In a study of the origin and development of religious groups in Dane County, Wisconsin, there are presented the present outline of religious organization, the social history of religious groups, the tendencies and problems of readjustment, the future in rural religious organization.-J. H. Kolb and C. J. Bornman, Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin and the United States Department of Agriculture Co-operating. Research Bulletin 60 (June, 1924). (V, 3; VI, 2.) C. W. H.

The Bounds of Racial Geography.-Racial geography must take into account a vocabulary that will give the correct impression of peoples studied. Too much of our language has been provincial, not adapted to world-terms. Account must be taken of the origins of mankind, since certain stocks show certain characteristics due to an origin under the same peculiar environmental factors and have thereby the clan mark. Furthermore, a careful study of the traits of peoples must be made in order to determine which ones represent best the nationality under study. -R. M. Brown, Journal of Geography, XXIII (February, 1924), 41-48. (V, 4.)

E. L. S.

Czechoslovakia: Factors of Geographic Unity.-Czechoslovakia is centrally located in Europe. The mountains demarcate the area except in the south. The country is almost self-supporting in plant and animal foods but imports raw materials and manufactured goods. Whether the diversity of natural environment and human relations can be unified successfully and permanently is a problem which will be solved by natural economic laws. Policies of administration since the establishment of the republic have already achieved a high degree of unity.-B. C. Engle, Journal of Geography, XXIV (January, 1925), 1-10. (V, 4.) E. L. S.

The Human Geography of Lewis.-Lewis, an island off the northwest coast of Scotland, may be considered as an illustration of economic isolation and general inertia. Conditions of climate combined with the conditions of soil and structure make for desert conditions. Life as a whole is very primitive. Nomadism is a summer practice, as is dairying. There are secondary occupations, such as fishing and weaving. Communal ownership of hill grazing and of home pasture-land is in vogue. From the standpoint of human geography that which seems most significant is the close adaptation of the inhabitants and their activities to the environment. This adaptation is the efficient exploitation of desert conditions.-Alexander Stevens, Scottish Geographical Magazine, XLI (March, 1925), 75-88. (V, 4.) E. L. S.

VI. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

How to Get Better Houses.-We must continue to work for standard restrictive housing codes and their enforcement and for the extension of city and regional planning and zoning. We should help develop public opinion in favor of extensive housing credits from the nation and the states, from savings banks and from postal deposits. We should through these loans encourage individual home-building and the development of co-operative-tenant societies. We must organize slum clearance to get rid of the housing sins of the past, and municipal housing for immigrants and others who have not reached the stage either of home ownership or co-operative

housing. Municipal housing in the United States should be carried out like the distribution of city water or gas, at a rate calculated to cover cost.-Mrs. Edith Elmer Wood, reprint, Journal of Home Economics, XVI (January, February, 1924). (VI, 1.) C. W. H.

Character Training in the Home.-Upon the home the major task of character-building devolves throughout childhood and adult years as well. The significant aspects of character training are two: first, to develop the right habits; and secondly, to unify these habits in an organized personality whose high quality is recognized in every activity of the person. It is essentially the task of the home to start the child right, fill the gaps in his training, and to create that settled habit of will and consistent activity for life's highest purposes which make up good character. There are three major methods of character building: by precept, by example, and by experience or practice.-James Ford, Child Welfare Magazine, XIX (May, 1925), 475-78. (VI, 1; I, 3; II, 3.) E. L. S.

Social Work Enters the School.-Thirty or more years ago the school was the mold and the children were bent or maneuvered to fit in. Today, faced with the problem of educating all children, the school is gradually unbending to meet the child. This method is greatly assisted by the professionally prepared visiting teachers whose work it is to see that the different types of students are adjusted to the kinds of work they prefer.-Howard W. Nudd, The Survey, LIV (April 1, 1925), 32-34. (VI, 3.) P. T. D.

The School in the Park.-In Chicago several schools and adjoining parks have co-operated, using the park as a playground for the children and as an outdoor classroom for group playing in the way of drama, as well as giving the children an opportunity to understand and appreciate nature.-Jens Jensen, American Review, I (March-April, 1923), 225-29. (VI, 3.) E. R. R.

World-Wide Progress Toward Prohibition Legislation.-A discussion of the evolution of prohibition in the United States, progress toward prohibition in other countries, national self-determination, international aspect of domestic enforcement, effect abroad of American policy, the permanency of prohibition in America, prospects for world prohibition.-Ernest H. Cherrington, Publication No. 1713, reprinted from "Prohibition and Its Enforcement," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CIX (September, 1923). (VI, 5.)

C. W. H.

VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS

The Economic and Social Effects of Modern Advertising.-In Great Britain the expenditure on advertising has grown in the last fifty years to the colossal sum of about £175,000,000, while its good might be secured by saving at least £150,000,000 a year. The major portion of the huge total is paid by the public. This is a waste of money and brain power which forces labor into unproductive channels and greatly increases the already high cost of living.-E. Lyttelton, Hibbert Journal, XXIII (April, 1925), 510-15. (VII, 1.) E. L. S.

Profiteering under a Communist Régime.-The complete economic breakdown of Russia forced the Soviet government to adopt, in 1921, the so-called "New Economic Policy." This system permits private trade, but the government maintains control of the transportation, basic industries, foreign trade, and land. Under this system a class of more or less wealthy merchant and peasant capitalists have arisen. It is possible that their growth may be a step in a return to capitalism.—William Henry Chamberlin, Atlantic Monthly, CXXXIV (September, 1924), 393–400. (VII, 1.) E. R. R.

The Problem of Adult Education in Passaic, New Jersey.-The Bureau of Education made a survey of the general social and industrial conditions of the community. The Bureau recommends: (1) a separate department of adult education; (2) an advisory council made up of representatives elected by the different nationali

ties, labor organizations, clubs, etc.; (3) courses in the education department.—Mrs. Alice Barrows Fernandez, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Education Bulletin No. 4 (1920). (VII, 2; VI, 3.)

Educational Progress: The Sociological Contact and the Longer Retrospect. The stock of world-culture has plainly been accumulating, though by no means uniformly, from the earliest human times to the present day. Great progress has been made by the transmission and diffusion of culture, which is, to some degree, automatic and inevitable. The educational movement had a very early start and spread slowly, rising and falling, until we have the present-day system with its wide area throughout the world disseminated mostly by transmission and diffusion.-J. Reeves, The Sociological Review, XVII (January, 1925), 45-53. (VII, 2.)

P. T. D.

Education as a Social Process.-Education is a social process in which every individual achieves the fundamentals of life through the process of living. Except for professional and clerical vocations, much of our education is left to the normal social processes. Most training comes from participation in the general social process, the "Great School." At first the aim of schools was to supplement this process, but the institutionalization of education has tended to overemphasize monasticism in formal learning, thereby excluding education from life's main currents. This is termed "academic." Sociology and other sciences: The educationist needs the wider vision of the sociologist and expects from the sociologist those analyses and generalizations which will keep the educator's vision true, undisturbed, and clear. Sociology must reveal all the stages of existence which make up the normal processes of living. -Franklin Bobbitt, School and Society, XXI (April 18, 1925), 453-58. (VII, 2; X, 5.) E. L. S.

Social Idealism of Copec.-The Conference on Christian Politics, Economics, and Citizenship was held in Birmingham, England, in April, 1924. This Conference, known as Copec, through its reports emphasized the significance of modern problems in political and social life. There is need of a social ethics to replace the old individualistic ethics. Christian social service must follow the lines of modern need and adjust itself to the organizations of social life. The church must share with other social institutions the humanitarianism toward which Christian enthusiasm leads.-J. H. Muirhead, Hibbert Journal, XXIII (April, 1925), 540-51. (VII, 2; X, 4.) E. L. S.

"Socialism" in Britain and America.-Neither business men, nor workers, nor other members of the community, at any rate in Britain and America, want any more governmental interference than seems indispensable. Only in case publicity and control fail to secure the people against the extortionate conduct of private profit-seeking corporations will public ownership be favored. In Britain we have a slow and insistent movement toward public ownership, but in the United States the people are still willing to accept the public service of big business.-John A. Hobson, Nation, CXX (April 15, 1925), 408-10. (VII, 3.) P. T. D.

The Young Person.-The coming generation is better adjusted to conditions of life than the older. It has energy instead of romance, sincerity and an openness to fresh stimuli instead of intellectuality. Rather than blame young persons for doing scandalous things and holding improper opinions, we should trust them.-By "A Professor," Atlantic Monthly, CXXXV (February, 1925), 217-23. (VII, 4; I, 4.) E. R. R.

The Christian Social Movement in England: Its Aim and Its Organization. The religious power of what is vaguely known as the "social gospel" is strikingly revealed in this account of the Christian Social Movement in England. The first portion of the article eloquently voices the radical social passion of one who thinks of Christianity in terms of Catholic tradition. The second portion gives an account of the organization and movement seeking to give coherence and carrying power to social aspirations.-Maurice B. Reckitt, Journal of Religion, IV (March, 1925), 147-73. (VII, 4, 2.) E. L. S.